Does using the ecosystem services concept provoke the risk of assigning virtual prices instead of real values to nature? Some reflections on the benefit of ecosystem services for planning and policy consulting.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1515/eje-2015-0015Keywords:
Ecosystems services, planning and policy consulting, IPBES, MAES, intrinsic value of natureAbstract
This forum article intends to discuss the question if using the ecosystem services concept in planning, management and decision-making can impair nature conservation objectives by hiding the intrinsic values of nature through overemphasizing monetary aspects in environmental assessments. The conclusion is drawn that using ecosystem services in a holistic social-ecological system understanding would help to overcome justified criticisms of a too narrow perspective on the real values of nature. The article is referring to and reflecting some thoughts and criticism of “Concerns about the use of ES as a tool for nature conservation: From misleading concepts to providing a price for nature, but not a value” by Morelli and Moller (2015).
References
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conservation in EU research programmes: Thematic
shifts in biodiversity wording in the environment themes of EU
research programmes FP7 and Horizon 2020. Journal for Nature
Conservation, 30, 12-18.
Barbati, A. & Marchetti, M. (2005) Forest Types for Biodiversity Assessment
(FTBAs) in Europe: the revised classification scheme.
Monitoring and indicators of forest biodiversity in Europe-from
ideas to operationality, 105.
Barnaud, C. & Antona, M. (2014) Deconstructing ES: Uncertainties and
controversies around a socially constructed concept. Geoforum,
56, 113-123.
Bergmeier, E., Petermann, J. & Schröder, E. (2010) Geobotanical survey
of wood-pasture habitats in Europe: diversity, threats and conservation.
Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(11), 2995-3014.
Berkes, F. (2007) Community-based conservation in a globalized world.
Proceedings of the National academy of sciences, 104(39),
15188-15193.
Bommarco, R., Kleijn, D. & Potts, S.G. (2013) Ecological intensification:
harnessing ES for food security. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,
28(4), 230-238.
Burkhard, B., Kroll, F., Nedkov, S. & Müller, F. (2012) Mapping ecosystem
service supply, demand and budgets. Ecological Indicators,
21, 17-29.
Carpenter, S.R., Mooney, H.A., Agard, J., Capistrano, D., DeFries, R.S.,
Díaz, S., Dietz, T., Duraiappah, A.K., OtengYeboahi, A., Pereira,
H.M., Perrings, C., Reidl, W.V., Sarukhan, J., Scholes, R.J. &
White, A. (2009) Science for managing ES: Beyond the Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences, 106(5), 1305-1312.
Chan, K.M.A., Satterfield, T. & Goldstein, J. (2012) Rethinking ES to better
address and navigate cultural values. Ecological Economics,
74, 8-18
Cowling, R.M., Egoh, B., Knight, A.T., O’Farrell, P.J., Reyers, B., Rouget,
M., Roux, D.J., Welz, A. & Wilhelm-Rechman, A. (2008) An operational
model for mainstreaming ES for implementation. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(28), 9483-
9488.
Cumming, G.S., Buerkert, A., Hoffmann, E.M., Splecht, E., von Cramon-
Taubadel, S. & Tscharntke, T. (2014) Implications of agricultural
transitions and urbanization for ecosystem services. Nature,
515, 50-57
De Groot, R.S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L.. & Willemen, L. (2010)
Challenges in integrating the concept of ES and values in landscape
planning, management and decision making. Ecological
Complexity, 7(3), 260-272.
De Groot, R.S., Wilson, M.A. & Boumans, R. M. (2002) A typology for
the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions,
goods and services. Ecological Economics, 41(3), 393-408.
Díaz, S., Demissew, S., Carabias, J., Joly, C., Lonsdale, M., Ash, N., Larigauderie,
A., Adhikari, J.R., Arico, S., Baldi, A., Bartuska, A.,
Baste, I.A., Bilgin, A., Brondizio, E., Chan, K.M.A., Figueroa, V.E.,
Duraiappah, A., Fischer, M., Hill, R., Koetz, T., Leadley, P., Lyver,
P., Mace, G.M., Martin-Lopez, B., Okumura, M., Pacheco, D., Pascual,
U., Perez, E.S. & Reyers, B. (2015a) The IPBES Conceptual
Framework—connecting nature and people. Current Opinion in
Environmental Sustainability, 14, 1-16.
Díaz, S., Demissew, S., Joly, C., Lonsdale, W.M. & Larigauderie, A.
(2015b) A Rosetta Stone for nature’s benefits to people. PLoS
Biol, 13(1), e1002040.
Dickie, I.A., Bennett, B.M., Burrows, L.E., Nuñez, M.A., Peltzer, D.A.,
Porté, A., Richardson, D.M., Rejmánek, M., Rundel, P.W. & van
Wilgen, B.W. (2014) Conflicting values: ecosystem services and
invasive tree management. Biological Invasions, 16(3), 705-719.
Duraiappah, A., Asah, S., Brondizio, E., Prieur-Richard, A.H. & Subramanian,
S. (2013) Managing biodiversity is about people. In Ecology
and economy for a sustainable society. Presented at the Seventeenth
Trondheim conference on biodiversity, subsidiary body
on scientific technical and technological advice (pp. 27-31).
Farber, S.C., Costanza, R. & Wilson, M.A. (2002) Economic and ecological
concepts for valuing ES. Ecological Economics, 41(3), 375-
392.
Feld, C.K., Sousa, J.P., Da Silva, P.M. & Dawson, T.P. (2010) Indicators
for biodiversity and ES: towards an improved framework for
ecosystems assessment. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(10),
2895-2919.
Ficko, A. & Boncina, A. (2013) Probabilistic typology of management
decision making in private forest properties. Forest Policy and
Economics, 27, 34-43.
García, R.R., Fraser, M.D., Celaya, R., Ferreira, L.M.M., Garcia, U. & Osoro,
K. (2013) Grazing land management and biodiversity in the
Atlantic European heathlands: a review. Agroforestry Systems,
87(1), 19-43.
Gómez-Baggethun, E., Kelemen, E., Martín-López, B., Palomo, I. & Montes,
C. (2013) Scale misfit in ecosystem service governance as a
source of environmental conflict. Society & Natural Resources,
26(10), 1202-1216.
Häyhä, T. & Franzese, P.P. (2014) ES assessment: A review under an ecological-
economic and systems perspective. Ecological Modelling,
289, 124-132.
Huntsinger, L. & Oviedo, J.L. (2014) Ecosystem Services are Social-ecological
Services in a Traditional Pastoral System: the Case of
California’s Mediterranean Rangelands. Ecology and Society,
19(1),8.
Kandziora, M., Burkhard, B. & Müller, F. (2013) Interactions of ecosystem
properties, ecosystem integrity and ecosystem service indicators
— A theoretical matrix exercise. Ecological Indicators,
28, 54-78.
Koschke, L., Fuerst, C., Frank, S. & Makeschin, F. (2012) A multi-criteria
approach for an integrated land-cover-based assessment of ES
provision to support landscape planning. Ecological Indicators,
21, 54-66.
Luck, G.W., Chan, K.M., Eser, U., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Matzdorf, B.,
Norton, B. & Potschin, M.B. (2012) Ethical considerations in onground
applications of the ES concept. BioScience, 62(12), 1020-
1029.
Maes, J., Teller, A., Erhard, M., Liquete, C., Braat, L., Berry, P., Egoh, B.,
Puydarrieux, P., Fiorina, C., Soantos-Martin, F., Paracchini, M. L.,
Keune, H., Wittmer, H., Hauck, J., Fiala, I., Verburg, P.H., Condé,
S., Schägner, J.P., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Estreguil, C., Osterman,
O., Barredo, J.I., Pereira, H.M. Stott, A., Laporte, V., Meiner, A.,
Olah, B., Gelabert, E.R., Spyropoulou, R., Petersen, J.e., Maguire,
C., Zal, N., Achilleos, E., Rubin, A., Ledoux, L., Murphy, P.,
Fritz, M., Brown, C., Raes, c., Jacobs, S., Raquez, P., Vandewalle,
M., Connor, D. & Bidoglio, G. (2013) Mapping and Assessment
of Ecosystems and their Services – An analytical framework for
ecosystem assessments under action 5 of the EU biodiversity
strategy to 2020.
Maes, J., Egoh, B., Willemen, L., Liquete, C., Vihervaara, P., Schägner, J.P.,
Grizetti, B., Drakoua, E.G., La Notte, A., Zuliana, G., Bouraouia, F.,
Paracchinia, M.L., Braat, L. & Bidoglio, G. (2012) Mapping ES for
policy support and decision making in the European Union. ES,
1(1), 31-39.
Margules, C.R. & Pressey, R.L. (2000) Systematic conservation planning.
Nature, 405(6783), 243-253.
Martín-López, B., Gómez-Baggethun, E., García-Llorente, M. & Montes,
C. (2014) Trade-offs across value-domains in ES assessment. Ecological
Indicators, 37, 220-228.
Morelli, F. & Moller, A.P. (2015) Concerns about the use of ES as a tool
for nature conservation: From misleading concepts to providing
a “price” for nature, but not a “value”. European Journal of Ecology,
1(1), 68-70.
Polishchuk, Y. & Rauschmayer, F. (2012) Beyond “benefits”? Looking at
ecosystem services through the capability approach. Ecological
Economics, 81, 103-111.
Potschin, M.B. & Haines-Young, R.H. (2011) ES Exploring a geographical
perspective. Progress in Physical Geography, 35(5), 575-594.
Raymond, C.M., Bryan, B.A., MacDonald, D.H., Cast, A., Strathearn, S.,
Grandgirard, A. & Kalivas, T. (2009) Mapping community values
for natural capital and ES. Ecological Economics, 68(5), 1301-
1315.
Redford, K.H. & Adams, W.M. (2009) Payment for ES and the challenge
of saving nature. Conservation Biology, 23(4), 785-787.
Ring, I., Hansjürgens, B., Elmqvist, T., Wittmer, H. & Sukhdev, P. (2010)
Challenges in framing the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity:
the TEEB initiative. Current Opinion in Environmental
Sustainability, 2(1), 15-26.
Rode, J., Gómez-Baggethun, E. & Krause, T. (2014) Motivation crowding
by economic incentives in conservation policy: A review of the
empirical evidence. Ecological Economics, 117, 270-282.
Rundcrantz, K. & Skärbäck, E. (2003) Environmental compensation in
planning: a review of five different countries with major emphasis
on the German system. European Environment, 13(4), 204-
226.
Schröter, M., Zanden, E.H., Oudenhoven, A.P., Remme, R.P., Serna‐
Chavez, H.M., Groot, R.S. & Opdam, P. (2014) ES as a contested
concept: a synthesis of critique and counterarguments. Conservation
Letters, 7(6), 514-523.
Schröter, M. & van Oudenhoven, A. P. (2016) Ecosystem Services Go
Beyond Money and Markets: Reply to Silvertown. Trends in Ecology
& Evolution.
Silvertown, J. (2015) Have Ecosystem Services Been Oversold?. Trends
in Ecology & Evolution, 30(11), 641-648.
Smeets, E. & Weterings, R. (1999) Environmental indicators: typology
and overview. Technical report No. 25, European Environment
Agency, Copenhagen, 19 pp.
Spangenberg, J.H., Görg, C., Truong, D.T., Tekken, V., Bustamante, J.V. &
Settele, J. (2014) Provision of ecosystem services is determined
by human agency, not ecosystem functions. Four case studies.
International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services
& Management, 10(1), 40-53.
Spash, C.L. (2007) Deliberative monetary valuation (DMV): Issues in
combining economic and political processes to value environmental
change. Ecological Economics, 63(4), 690-699.
Swift, M.J., Izac, A.M. & van Noordwijk, M. (2004) Biodiversity and ES
in agricultural landscapes—are we asking the right questions?
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 104(1), 113-134.
Tischew, S., Baasch, A., Conrad, M.K. & Kirmer, A. (2010) Evaluating
restoration success of frequently implemented compensation
measures: results and demands for control procedures. Restoration
Ecology, 18(4), 467-480.
Tacconi, L. (2012) Redefining payments for environmental services. Ecological
Economics, 73, 29-36.
Villarroya, A. & Puig, J. (2010) Ecological compensation and environmental
impact assessment in Spain. Environmental impact assessment
review, 30(6), 357-362.
Von Döhren, P. & Haase, D. (2015) Ecosystem disservices research: A
review of the state of the art with a focus on cities. Ecological
Indicators, 52, 490-497.
Wallace, K.J. (2007) Classification of ES: problems and solutions. Biological
conservation, 139(3), 235-246.
Weikard, H.P. (2002) Diversity functions and the value of biodiversity.
Land Economics, 78(1), 20-27.
Wilson, L., Secades, C., Narloff, U., Bowles-Newark, N., Mapendembe,
A., Booth, H., Brown, C. & Tierney, M. (2014) The role of national
ecosystem assessments in influencing policy-making.
conservation in EU research programmes: Thematic
shifts in biodiversity wording in the environment themes of EU
research programmes FP7 and Horizon 2020. Journal for Nature
Conservation, 30, 12-18.
Barbati, A. & Marchetti, M. (2005) Forest Types for Biodiversity Assessment
(FTBAs) in Europe: the revised classification scheme.
Monitoring and indicators of forest biodiversity in Europe-from
ideas to operationality, 105.
Barnaud, C. & Antona, M. (2014) Deconstructing ES: Uncertainties and
controversies around a socially constructed concept. Geoforum,
56, 113-123.
Bergmeier, E., Petermann, J. & Schröder, E. (2010) Geobotanical survey
of wood-pasture habitats in Europe: diversity, threats and conservation.
Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(11), 2995-3014.
Berkes, F. (2007) Community-based conservation in a globalized world.
Proceedings of the National academy of sciences, 104(39),
15188-15193.
Bommarco, R., Kleijn, D. & Potts, S.G. (2013) Ecological intensification:
harnessing ES for food security. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,
28(4), 230-238.
Burkhard, B., Kroll, F., Nedkov, S. & Müller, F. (2012) Mapping ecosystem
service supply, demand and budgets. Ecological Indicators,
21, 17-29.
Carpenter, S.R., Mooney, H.A., Agard, J., Capistrano, D., DeFries, R.S.,
Díaz, S., Dietz, T., Duraiappah, A.K., OtengYeboahi, A., Pereira,
H.M., Perrings, C., Reidl, W.V., Sarukhan, J., Scholes, R.J. &
White, A. (2009) Science for managing ES: Beyond the Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences, 106(5), 1305-1312.
Chan, K.M.A., Satterfield, T. & Goldstein, J. (2012) Rethinking ES to better
address and navigate cultural values. Ecological Economics,
74, 8-18
Cowling, R.M., Egoh, B., Knight, A.T., O’Farrell, P.J., Reyers, B., Rouget,
M., Roux, D.J., Welz, A. & Wilhelm-Rechman, A. (2008) An operational
model for mainstreaming ES for implementation. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(28), 9483-
9488.
Cumming, G.S., Buerkert, A., Hoffmann, E.M., Splecht, E., von Cramon-
Taubadel, S. & Tscharntke, T. (2014) Implications of agricultural
transitions and urbanization for ecosystem services. Nature,
515, 50-57
De Groot, R.S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L.. & Willemen, L. (2010)
Challenges in integrating the concept of ES and values in landscape
planning, management and decision making. Ecological
Complexity, 7(3), 260-272.
De Groot, R.S., Wilson, M.A. & Boumans, R. M. (2002) A typology for
the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions,
goods and services. Ecological Economics, 41(3), 393-408.
Díaz, S., Demissew, S., Carabias, J., Joly, C., Lonsdale, M., Ash, N., Larigauderie,
A., Adhikari, J.R., Arico, S., Baldi, A., Bartuska, A.,
Baste, I.A., Bilgin, A., Brondizio, E., Chan, K.M.A., Figueroa, V.E.,
Duraiappah, A., Fischer, M., Hill, R., Koetz, T., Leadley, P., Lyver,
P., Mace, G.M., Martin-Lopez, B., Okumura, M., Pacheco, D., Pascual,
U., Perez, E.S. & Reyers, B. (2015a) The IPBES Conceptual
Framework—connecting nature and people. Current Opinion in
Environmental Sustainability, 14, 1-16.
Díaz, S., Demissew, S., Joly, C., Lonsdale, W.M. & Larigauderie, A.
(2015b) A Rosetta Stone for nature’s benefits to people. PLoS
Biol, 13(1), e1002040.
Dickie, I.A., Bennett, B.M., Burrows, L.E., Nuñez, M.A., Peltzer, D.A.,
Porté, A., Richardson, D.M., Rejmánek, M., Rundel, P.W. & van
Wilgen, B.W. (2014) Conflicting values: ecosystem services and
invasive tree management. Biological Invasions, 16(3), 705-719.
Duraiappah, A., Asah, S., Brondizio, E., Prieur-Richard, A.H. & Subramanian,
S. (2013) Managing biodiversity is about people. In Ecology
and economy for a sustainable society. Presented at the Seventeenth
Trondheim conference on biodiversity, subsidiary body
on scientific technical and technological advice (pp. 27-31).
Farber, S.C., Costanza, R. & Wilson, M.A. (2002) Economic and ecological
concepts for valuing ES. Ecological Economics, 41(3), 375-
392.
Feld, C.K., Sousa, J.P., Da Silva, P.M. & Dawson, T.P. (2010) Indicators
for biodiversity and ES: towards an improved framework for
ecosystems assessment. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(10),
2895-2919.
Ficko, A. & Boncina, A. (2013) Probabilistic typology of management
decision making in private forest properties. Forest Policy and
Economics, 27, 34-43.
García, R.R., Fraser, M.D., Celaya, R., Ferreira, L.M.M., Garcia, U. & Osoro,
K. (2013) Grazing land management and biodiversity in the
Atlantic European heathlands: a review. Agroforestry Systems,
87(1), 19-43.
Gómez-Baggethun, E., Kelemen, E., Martín-López, B., Palomo, I. & Montes,
C. (2013) Scale misfit in ecosystem service governance as a
source of environmental conflict. Society & Natural Resources,
26(10), 1202-1216.
Häyhä, T. & Franzese, P.P. (2014) ES assessment: A review under an ecological-
economic and systems perspective. Ecological Modelling,
289, 124-132.
Huntsinger, L. & Oviedo, J.L. (2014) Ecosystem Services are Social-ecological
Services in a Traditional Pastoral System: the Case of
California’s Mediterranean Rangelands. Ecology and Society,
19(1),8.
Kandziora, M., Burkhard, B. & Müller, F. (2013) Interactions of ecosystem
properties, ecosystem integrity and ecosystem service indicators
— A theoretical matrix exercise. Ecological Indicators,
28, 54-78.
Koschke, L., Fuerst, C., Frank, S. & Makeschin, F. (2012) A multi-criteria
approach for an integrated land-cover-based assessment of ES
provision to support landscape planning. Ecological Indicators,
21, 54-66.
Luck, G.W., Chan, K.M., Eser, U., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Matzdorf, B.,
Norton, B. & Potschin, M.B. (2012) Ethical considerations in onground
applications of the ES concept. BioScience, 62(12), 1020-
1029.
Maes, J., Teller, A., Erhard, M., Liquete, C., Braat, L., Berry, P., Egoh, B.,
Puydarrieux, P., Fiorina, C., Soantos-Martin, F., Paracchini, M. L.,
Keune, H., Wittmer, H., Hauck, J., Fiala, I., Verburg, P.H., Condé,
S., Schägner, J.P., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Estreguil, C., Osterman,
O., Barredo, J.I., Pereira, H.M. Stott, A., Laporte, V., Meiner, A.,
Olah, B., Gelabert, E.R., Spyropoulou, R., Petersen, J.e., Maguire,
C., Zal, N., Achilleos, E., Rubin, A., Ledoux, L., Murphy, P.,
Fritz, M., Brown, C., Raes, c., Jacobs, S., Raquez, P., Vandewalle,
M., Connor, D. & Bidoglio, G. (2013) Mapping and Assessment
of Ecosystems and their Services – An analytical framework for
ecosystem assessments under action 5 of the EU biodiversity
strategy to 2020.
Maes, J., Egoh, B., Willemen, L., Liquete, C., Vihervaara, P., Schägner, J.P.,
Grizetti, B., Drakoua, E.G., La Notte, A., Zuliana, G., Bouraouia, F.,
Paracchinia, M.L., Braat, L. & Bidoglio, G. (2012) Mapping ES for
policy support and decision making in the European Union. ES,
1(1), 31-39.
Margules, C.R. & Pressey, R.L. (2000) Systematic conservation planning.
Nature, 405(6783), 243-253.
Martín-López, B., Gómez-Baggethun, E., García-Llorente, M. & Montes,
C. (2014) Trade-offs across value-domains in ES assessment. Ecological
Indicators, 37, 220-228.
Morelli, F. & Moller, A.P. (2015) Concerns about the use of ES as a tool
for nature conservation: From misleading concepts to providing
a “price” for nature, but not a “value”. European Journal of Ecology,
1(1), 68-70.
Polishchuk, Y. & Rauschmayer, F. (2012) Beyond “benefits”? Looking at
ecosystem services through the capability approach. Ecological
Economics, 81, 103-111.
Potschin, M.B. & Haines-Young, R.H. (2011) ES Exploring a geographical
perspective. Progress in Physical Geography, 35(5), 575-594.
Raymond, C.M., Bryan, B.A., MacDonald, D.H., Cast, A., Strathearn, S.,
Grandgirard, A. & Kalivas, T. (2009) Mapping community values
for natural capital and ES. Ecological Economics, 68(5), 1301-
1315.
Redford, K.H. & Adams, W.M. (2009) Payment for ES and the challenge
of saving nature. Conservation Biology, 23(4), 785-787.
Ring, I., Hansjürgens, B., Elmqvist, T., Wittmer, H. & Sukhdev, P. (2010)
Challenges in framing the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity:
the TEEB initiative. Current Opinion in Environmental
Sustainability, 2(1), 15-26.
Rode, J., Gómez-Baggethun, E. & Krause, T. (2014) Motivation crowding
by economic incentives in conservation policy: A review of the
empirical evidence. Ecological Economics, 117, 270-282.
Rundcrantz, K. & Skärbäck, E. (2003) Environmental compensation in
planning: a review of five different countries with major emphasis
on the German system. European Environment, 13(4), 204-
226.
Schröter, M., Zanden, E.H., Oudenhoven, A.P., Remme, R.P., Serna‐
Chavez, H.M., Groot, R.S. & Opdam, P. (2014) ES as a contested
concept: a synthesis of critique and counterarguments. Conservation
Letters, 7(6), 514-523.
Schröter, M. & van Oudenhoven, A. P. (2016) Ecosystem Services Go
Beyond Money and Markets: Reply to Silvertown. Trends in Ecology
& Evolution.
Silvertown, J. (2015) Have Ecosystem Services Been Oversold?. Trends
in Ecology & Evolution, 30(11), 641-648.
Smeets, E. & Weterings, R. (1999) Environmental indicators: typology
and overview. Technical report No. 25, European Environment
Agency, Copenhagen, 19 pp.
Spangenberg, J.H., Görg, C., Truong, D.T., Tekken, V., Bustamante, J.V. &
Settele, J. (2014) Provision of ecosystem services is determined
by human agency, not ecosystem functions. Four case studies.
International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services
& Management, 10(1), 40-53.
Spash, C.L. (2007) Deliberative monetary valuation (DMV): Issues in
combining economic and political processes to value environmental
change. Ecological Economics, 63(4), 690-699.
Swift, M.J., Izac, A.M. & van Noordwijk, M. (2004) Biodiversity and ES
in agricultural landscapes—are we asking the right questions?
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 104(1), 113-134.
Tischew, S., Baasch, A., Conrad, M.K. & Kirmer, A. (2010) Evaluating
restoration success of frequently implemented compensation
measures: results and demands for control procedures. Restoration
Ecology, 18(4), 467-480.
Tacconi, L. (2012) Redefining payments for environmental services. Ecological
Economics, 73, 29-36.
Villarroya, A. & Puig, J. (2010) Ecological compensation and environmental
impact assessment in Spain. Environmental impact assessment
review, 30(6), 357-362.
Von Döhren, P. & Haase, D. (2015) Ecosystem disservices research: A
review of the state of the art with a focus on cities. Ecological
Indicators, 52, 490-497.
Wallace, K.J. (2007) Classification of ES: problems and solutions. Biological
conservation, 139(3), 235-246.
Weikard, H.P. (2002) Diversity functions and the value of biodiversity.
Land Economics, 78(1), 20-27.
Wilson, L., Secades, C., Narloff, U., Bowles-Newark, N., Mapendembe,
A., Booth, H., Brown, C. & Tierney, M. (2014) The role of national
ecosystem assessments in influencing policy-making.
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Articles in the European Journal of Ecology published 2015-2019 are made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 license.
How to Cite
Fürst, C. (2015). Does using the ecosystem services concept provoke the risk of assigning virtual prices instead of real values to nature? Some reflections on the benefit of ecosystem services for planning and policy consulting. European Journal of Ecology, 1(2), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1515/eje-2015-0015
