Composition of Rift-Related Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks of the Keweenawan Supergroup in the Poersch No. 1, OZ-1, Finn, and Friederich Wells, Northeastern Kansas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17161/cres.v0i235.11784Abstract
A series of wells have been drilled up to a depth of 3,444 m (113,000 ft) into the midcontinent rift system (MRS) in northeastern Kansas. The age of a gabbro sill in the upper portion of the Precambrian rocks was determined to be 1,097.5 ± 3 Ma, and the magnetic polarity of the gabbro correlated to the lower Keweenawan rocks in the northern MRS (Van Schmus et al., 1990). The rocks below 2,259 m (7,411 ft) in the deepest well [Poersch no. 1, total depth 3,435 m (11,270 ft)] consist mostly of arkoses with subordinate amounts of shale, siltstone, and basalt. The rocks above 2,265 m (7,431 ft) in the Poersch well consist of basalt with minor siltstone, arkose, gabbro, and felsite. A proposed high-angle reverse fault could have juxtaposed the upper igneous rocks over the lower sedimentary rocks to produce a reversed stratigraphy. This would make the development of the southern MRS similar to that of the northern MRS. Thus, in the initial extensional phase of the MRS, broad subsidence coincided with abundant volcanism and little sediment production. Grabens formed in the later stages of rift development and were filled with abundant sedimentary rocks along with lesser volcanic rocks. The chemical characteristics of the basalts in the southern MRS are similar to those in the north. The southern basalts are subalkalic to alkalic and follow tholeiitic trends; a number of them are high-alumina basalts. Although there is a lot of scatter, Al2O3, Ni, and Cr concentrations decrease and Fe2O3, TiO2, K2O, rare earth elements, Ba, Hf, and Sc concentrations increase with decreasing Mg number. These trends are consistent with plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene, or spinel fractionation from primary basalts. One basalt could represent a primary magma because it has a high Mg number (0.68), high Ni (638 mg/kg) and Cr (233 mg/kg) concentrations, low incompatible element concentrations (e.g., La = 4.2 mg/kg), and a slight positive Eu anomaly. This possible primary magma could have formed by partial melting (20-25%) of an undepleted spinel peridotite at 30-40 km depth. Most basalts have not been contaminated by crustal rocks or silicic magmas. The mineralogy, chemical composition, and U-Pb geochronology of detrital zircons of the arkoses, siltstones, and shales are consistent with their derivation from the surrounding granitoid highlands with little or no input from the basalts. Even siltstones and arkoses within the mostly basaltic sequences are derived mostly from the granitoids, although the siltstones may have some input from the basalts (e.g., higher Ni concentration than the sandstones).
References
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Denison, R. E., Lidiak, E. G., Bickford, M. E., and Disvarsanyi, E. B., 1984, Geology and geochronology of Precambrian rocks in the central interior of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1241-C, 20 p.
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Dickas, A. B., 1986, Comparative Precambrian stratigraphy and structure along the midcontinent rift: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 70, p. 225-238
Elmore, R. D., 1984, The Copper Harbor Conglomerate--a Late Precambrian fining-upwards alluvial fan sequence in northern Michigan: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 95, p. 610-617
Godlevskiy, M. N., 1959, Trappi rudonosnze intruzil Noril'skogo raiona: Gosgeltekhizdat. Translated by Canada Translation Bureau
Gordon, G. E., Randle, K., Goles, G. G., Corliss, J. B., Beeson, M. H., Oxley, S. S., and Gram, O. E., 1968, Instrumental activation analysis of standard rocks with high resolution x-ray detectors: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 32, p. 369-396
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Green, J. C., 1972, North Shore Volcanic Group; in, A centennial volume, P. K. Sims and G. B. Morey, eds.: Minnesota Geological Survey, p. 294-332
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Gromet, L. P., Dymek, R. F., Haskin, L. A., and Korotev, R. L., 1984, The "North American Shale composite"--its compilation, major, and trace element characteristics: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, p. 2,469-2,482
Irvine, T. N., and Baragar, W. R. A., 1971, A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 8, p. 523-548
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Klewin, K. W., and Berg, J. H., 1991, Petrology of the Keweenawan Mamainse Point lavas, Ontario--petrogenesis and continental rift evolution: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 457-474
Lightfoot, P. C., Sutcliffe, R. H., and Doherty, W., 1991, Crustal contamination identified in Keweenawan Osler Group tholeiites, Ontario--a trace element perspective: Journal of Geology, v.99,p.739-760
Mahoney, J. J., 1988, Deccan Traps; in, Continental flood basalts, Macdougall, J. D., ed.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, p. 151-194
Marsh, J. S., 1989, Geochemical constraints on coupled assimilation and fractional crystallization involving upper crustal composition and tholelitic magma: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 92, p. 70-80
Merk, G. P., and Jlrsa, M. A., 1982, Provenance and tectonic significance of the Keweenawan interflow sedimentary rocks; in, Geology and tectonics of the Lake Superior basin, R. J. Wold and W. J. Hinze, eds.: Geological Society of America, Memoir 156, p. 97-106
Morey, G. B., and Green, J. C., 1982, Status of the Keweenawan as a stratigraphic unit in the Lake Superior region; in, Geology and tectonics of the Lake Superior basin, R. J. Wold and W. J. Hinze, eds.: Geological Society of America, Memoir 156, p. 15-25
Morey, G. B., and Ojakangas, R. W., 1982, Keweenawan sedimentary rocks of eastern Minnesota and northwestern Wisconsin; in, Geology and tectonics of the Lake Superior basin, R. J. Wold and W. J. Hinze, eds.: Geological Society of America, Memoir 156, p.135-146
Nakamura, N., 1974, Determination of REE, Ba, Fe, Mg, Na, and K in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 38, p. 757-775
Ojakangas, R. W., and Morey, G. B., 1982, Keweenawan prevolcanic quartz sandstones and related rocks of the Lake Superior region; in, Geology and tectonics of the Lake Superior basin, R. J. Wold and W. J. Hinze, eds.: Geological Society of America, Memoir 156, p. 85-96
Palmer, H. C., and Davis, D. W., 1987, Paleomagnetism and U-Pb geochronology of volcanic rocks from Michipicoten Island, Lake Superior, Canada--precise calibration of the Keweenawan polar wander track: Precambrian Research, v. 37, p. 157-171
Phinney, W. C., 1970, Chemical relations between Keweenawan lavas and the Duluth complex, Minnesota: Geological Society of American Bulletin, v. 81, p. 2, 487-2,696
Prestvik, T., and Goles, G. G., 1985, Comments on the petrogenesis and the tectonic setting of the Columbia River basalts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 72, p. 65-73
Roeder, P. L., and Emslie, R. F., 1970, Olivine-liquid equilibrium: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 29, p. 275-289
Ronov, A. B., Balashov, Y. A., Girin, Y. P., Bratishko, R. K., and Kazakov, G. A., 1974, Regularities of rare earth distribution in the sedimentary shell and in the crust of the earth: Sedimentology, v. 21, p. 171-193
Ruegg, N. R., 1976, Characteristicas de distrbuicao e teor de elementos principais em rockas basalticas da bacia do Parana: Bolivian Institute Geociencia, v. 7, p. 81-106
Serpa, L., Setzer, T., Farmer, H., Brown, L., Oliver, J., Kaufman, S., Sharp, J., and Steeples, D., 1984, Structure of the southern Keweenawan rift from COCORP surveys across the Midcontinent Geophysical Anomaly in northeastern Kansas: Tectonics, v. 3, p. 367-384
Taylor, S. R., and McLennan, S. M., 1985, The continental crust--its composition and evolution: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, England, 312 p.
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Cullers, Robert L., and Pieter Berendsen. 1993. “Composition of Rift-Related Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks of the Keweenawan Supergroup in the Poersch No. 1, OZ-1, Finn, and Friederich Wells, Northeastern Kansas”. Current Research in Earth Sciences 235 (July): 55-72. https://doi.org/10.17161/cres.v0i235.11784.
