Channels Ran Through It—The Lawrence Formation at Lone Star Lake, Douglas County, Kansas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17161/cres.v0i254.11786Abstract
The upper part of the Ireland Sandstone Member of the Lawrence Formation exposed in the spillway of Lone Star Lake, southwest of Lawrence, Kansas, consists of abundant pinstripe-bedded shales and siltstones; thin, lenticular sandstone and siltstone beds; and meter-scale, channel-form sandstone and mudstone lenses. Soft-sediment-deformation structures, including load casts, ball-and-pillow, and pseudonodules are abundant. The lenticular and pinstripe bedding with bipolar paleocurrents suggests tide-influenced deposition. The crosscutting, channel-form deposits are interpreted as tidal channels in an environment with low energy but rapid sedimentation. The depositional environment was a tide-dominated, muddy upper estuary cut by tidal channels. Gravitational instabilities resulting from rapid deposition of sand over saturated mud produced inverse-density gradients that resulted in soft-sediment deformation.
References
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Current Research in Earth Sciences, Bulletin 254, part 1 (http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Current/2008/Enos/index.html)
Channels Ran Through It—The Lawrence Formation at Lone Star Lake, Douglas County, Kansas, by Enos et al. 16
Joeckel, R. M., 1994, Virgilian (Upper Pennsylvanian) paleosols in the upper Lawrence Formation (Douglas Group) and in the Snyderville Shale Member (Shawnee Group, Oread Formation) of the northern midcontinent, U.S.A.—Pedogenic contrasts in a cyclothem sequence: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. A64, p. 853–866.
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Beard, D. C., and Weyl, P. K., 1973, Influences of texture on porosity and permeability of unconsolidated sand: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 57, p. 349–369.
Bowsher, A. L., and Jewett, J. M., 1943, Coal resources of the Douglas Group in east-central Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 46, p. 94.
Dalrymple, R. W., 2006, Incised valleys in time and space—An introduction to the volume and an examination of the controls on valley formation and filling; in, Incised Valleys in Time and Space, R. W. Dalrymple, D. A. Leckie, and R. W. Tillman, eds.: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication 85, p. 5–12.
Dalrymple, R. W., Knight, R. J., Zaitland, B. A., and Middleton, G. V., 1990, Dynamics and facies model of a macrotidal sand-bar complex, Cobiquid Bay–Salmon River Estuary (Bay of Fundy): Sedimentology, v. 37, p. 577–612.
Dalrymple, R. W., Zaitland, B. A., and Boyd, R., 1992, Estuarine facies models—Conceptual basis and stratigr
aphic implications: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 62, p. 1,130–1,146.
Enos, Paul, and Sawatsky, L. H., 1981, Pore networks in Holocene carbonate sediments: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 51, p. 961–985.
Enos, Paul, 1991, Sedimentary parameters for computer modeling; in, Sedimentary Modeling—Computer Simulations and Methods for Improved Parameter Definition, E. K. Franseen, W. L. Watney, C. G. St. C. Kendall, and W. Ross, eds.: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 223, p. 63–95.
Feldman, H. R., Franseen, E. K., Joeckel, R. M., and Heckel, P. H., 2005, Impact of longer-term climate shifts on architecture of high-frequency sequences (cyclothems), Pennsylvanian of midcontinent U.S.A.: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 75, p. 350–368.
Feldman, H. R., Gibling, M. R., Archer, A. W., Wightman, W. G., and Lanier, W. P., 1995, Stratigraphic architecture of the Tonganoxie paleovalley fill (lower Virgilian) in northeastern Kansas: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, v. 79, p. 1,019–1,043.
Folk, R. L., 1973, Evidence for peritidal deposition of Devonian Caballos Novaculite, Marathon basin, Texas: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, v. 57, p. 702–725.
Garbish, J. O., Hageman, S. A., Hecht, G. D., Krogstad, K., Robb, A. J., Ross, K., Smith, B., and Tilley, B., 1991, The Wathena Shale Member of the Lawrence Formation (Virgilian, U. Pennsylvanian) of eastern Kansas; a tidal estuary (abs.): Geological Society of America., Rocky Mountain and South-Central Sections, l99l Annual Meeting, Abstracts with Program, p. 23.
Garrison, J. R., and van den Bergh, T. C. V., 2006, Effects of sedimentation rate, rate of relative rise of sea level, and duration of sea-level cycle on the filling of incised valleys—Examples of filled and “overfilled” incised valleys from the upper Ferron Sandstone, Last Chance Delta, east-central Utah; in, Incised Valleys in Time and Space, R. W. Dalrymple, D. A. Leckie, and R. W. Tillman, eds.: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication 85, p. 239–279.
Gradzinski, R., and Doktor, M., 1995, Peat compaction as a factor in burial of high upright stems—An example from the Upper Carboniferous Mudstone Series, upper Silesian basin, Poland: Abstracts of the XIII International Congress on Carboniferous–Permian, Polish Geological Institute, p. 47.
Greb, S. F., and Archer, A. W., 1998, Annual sedimentation cycles in rhythmites of Carboniferous tidal channels; in, Tidalites—Processes and Products, C. R. Alexander, R. A. Davis, and V. J. Henry, eds.: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication 61, p. 75–83.
Hakes, W. G., 1972, Trace fossils and the depositional environment of the Lawrence Shale (Upper Pennsylvanian) of eastern Kansas: M.S. thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 55 p.
Hakes, W. G., 1976, Trace fossils and depositional environment of four clastic units, Upper Pennsylvanian megacyclothems, northeastern Kansas: University of Kansas, Paleontological Contribution, Article 63, 46 p.
Heckel, P. H., 2002, Genetic stratigraphy and conodont biostratigraphy of upper Desmoinesian–Missourian (Pennsylvanian) cyclothem succession in midcontinent North America; in, Carboniferous and Permian of the World; XIV ICCP Proceedings, L. V. Hills, C. M. Henderson, and E. W. Bamber, eds.: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 19, p. 99–119.
Current Research in Earth Sciences, Bulletin 254, part 1 (http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Current/2008/Enos/index.html)
Channels Ran Through It—The Lawrence Formation at Lone Star Lake, Douglas County, Kansas, by Enos et al. 16
Joeckel, R. M., 1994, Virgilian (Upper Pennsylvanian) paleosols in the upper Lawrence Formation (Douglas Group) and in the Snyderville Shale Member (Shawnee Group, Oread Formation) of the northern midcontinent, U.S.A.—Pedogenic contrasts in a cyclothem sequence: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. A64, p. 853–866.
Joeckel, R. M., 1995, Virgilian (Upper Pennsylvanian) paleosols in the upper Lawrence Formation (Douglas Group) and in the Snyderville Shale Member (Shawnee Group, Oread Formation) of the northern midcontinent, U.S.A.—Pedogenic contrasts in a cyclothem sequence: Journal of Sedimentary Research–Reply, v. A65, p.714–718.
Klein, G. deV., 1970, Tidal origin of a Precambrian quartzite—the lower fine-grained quartzite (Middle Dalradian) of Islay, Scotland: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 40, p. 973–985.
Klein, G. deV., 1977, Clastic tidal facies: Continuing Education Publishing Company, Champaign, Illinois, 149 p.
Kuecher, G. J., Woodland, B. G., and Broadhurst, F. M., 1990, Evidence for deposition from individual tides and of tidal cycles from the Francis Creek Shale (host rock to the Mazon Creek biota), Westphalian D (Pennsylvanian), northeastern Illinois: Sedimentary Geology, v. 68, p. 211–221.
Kvale, E. P., and Archer, A. W., 1990, Tidal deposits associated with low-sulfur coals, Brazil Fm. (Lower Pennsylvanian), Indiana: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 60, p. 563–574.
Kvale, E. P., Archer, A. W., and Johnson, H. R., 1989, Daily, monthl
y, and yearly tidal cycles within laminated siltstones of the Mansfield Formation (Pennsylvanian) of Indiana: Geology, v. 17, p. 365–368.
Lanier, W. P., 1993, Bedform sedimentology of the Lone Star spillway and Buildex quarry stops; in, Incised Paleovalleys of the Douglas Group in Northeastern Kansas; Field Guide and Related Contributions, A. W. Archer, H. R. Feldman, and W. P. Lanier, eds.: Kansas Geological Survey, Open-file Report 93–24, section 4, 10 p.
Lanier, W. P., Feldman, H. R., and Archer, A. W., 1993, Tidally influenced overbank sedimentation in a fluvial to estuarine transition, Douglas Group, Missourian–Virgilian, Kansas: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 63, p. 860–873.
Lanier, W. P., and Tessier, Bernadette, 1998, Climbing-ripple bedding in the fluvio-estuarine transition—A common feature associated with tidal dynamics (modern and ancient analogues); in, Tidalites—Processes & Products, C. R. Alexander, R. A. Davis, and V. J. Henry, eds.: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication 61, p. 109–117.
Lawrence Journal–World, 30 June 1988, p. 1A, 9A.
McBride, E. F., and Folk, R. L., 1979, Features and origin of Italian radiolarites deposited on continental crust: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 49, p. 837–868.
McKee, E. D., 1957, Flume experiments on the production of stratification and cross stratifications: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 27, p. 129–134.
Middleton, G. V., 2003, Convolute lamination; in, Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, G. V. Middleton, ed.: Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, p. 168.
Moore, R. C., 1949, Divisions of the Pennsylvanian System in Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 83, 283 p.
Neuendorf, K. E., Mehl, J. P., Jr., and Jackson, Julia A., eds., 2005, Glossary of geology, 5th edition: American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA, 779 p.
O’Connor, H. G., 1960, Geology and ground-water resources of Douglas County, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 148, 200 p.
Owen, G., 1987, Deformation processes in unconsolidated sands; in, Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, M. E. Jones and R. M. F. Preston, eds.: Geological Society, Special Publication 29, p. 11–24.
Owen, G., 2003a, Ball-and-pillow (pillow) structure; in, Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, G. V. Middleton, ed.: Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, p. 39–40.
Owen, G., 2003b, Pseudonodules; in, Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, G. V. Middleton, ed.: Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, p. 549–551.
Pettijohn, F. J., Potter, P. E., and Siever, R., 1987, Sand and sandstone: Springer–Verlag, Berlin, 2nd edition, 553 p.
Reineck, H. E., and Singh, I. B., 1975, Depositional sedimentary environments: Springer–Verlag, Berlin, 439 p.
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Enos, Paul, Robert D. Jefferson, and Staci L. Goetz. 2008. “Channels Ran Through It—The Lawrence Formation at Lone Star Lake, Douglas County, Kansas”. Current Research in Earth Sciences, no. 254 (July): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.17161/cres.v0i254.11786.
