Quaternary Stratigraphy and Stratigraphic Nomenclature Revisions in Kansas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17161/cres.v0i263.11811Abstract
This paper outlines Quaternary nomenclature changes to Zeller (1968) that have been adopted by the Kansas Geological Survey (KGS). The KGS formally recognizes two series/epochs for the Quaternary: the Holocene and Pleistocene. Pleistocene stage/age names Kansan, Aftonian, Nebraskan, and Yarmouthian are abandoned and replaced with the broader term "pre-Illinoian." Formation names Bignell, Peoria, Gilman Canyon, and Loveland are maintained for loess units. Formation names for the following alluvial lithostratigraphic units are abandoned: Crete, Sappa, Grand Island, Fullerton, and Holdrege. The Severance Formation is adopted as a new lithostratigraphic unit for thick packages of late Pleistocene alluvium and colluvium in Kansas. The DeForest Formation is accepted as a valid lithostratigraphic unit for deposits of fine-grained Holocene alluvium in Kansas. Formation names Iowa Point, Nickerson, and Cedar Bluffs for glacial tills and Atchison and David City for glaciofluvial deposits are abandoned. The Afton and Yarmouth Soils are abandoned as pedostratigraphic units, whereas the Sangamon Geosol and Brady Geosol are maintained.
References
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Baker, R. G., Bettis, E. A., Mandel, R. D., Dorale, J. A., and Fredlund, G. G., 2009, Mid-Wisconsinan environments on the eastern Great Plains: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 28, no. 9, p. 873-889.
Bayne, C. K., and O'Conner, H. G., 1968, Quaternary system; in, The stratigraphic succession in Kansas, D. E. Zeller, ed.: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 189, p. 59-67. [available online]
Beeton, J. M., and Mandel, R. D., 2011, Soils and late-Quaternary landscape evolution in the Cottonwood River basin, east-central Kansas: Implications for archaeological research: Geoarchaeology, v. 26, no. 5, p. 693-723.
Bettis, E. A., III, 1990, Holocene alluvial stratigraphy and selected aspects of the Quaternary history of western Iowa: Midwest Friends of the Pleistocene 37th Field Conference Guidebook, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Bureau, Iowa City.
Bettis, E. A., III, 1995, The Holocene stratigraphic record of entrenched stream systems in thick loess regions of the Mississippi River basin: Ph.D. thesis, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
Boellstorff, J. D., 1976, The succession of late Cenozoic volcanic ashes in the Great Plains: A progress report: Kansas Geological Survey, Guidebook Series, v. 1, p. 37-71. [available online]
Boellstorff, J., 1978a, A need for redefinition of North American Pleistocene stages: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 28, p. 65-74.
Boellstorff, J., 1978b, Chronology of some late Cenozoic deposits from the central United States and the ice ages: Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, v. 6, p. 35-49.
Boellstorff, J., 1978c, North American Pleistocene stages reconsidered in light of probable Pliocene-Pleistocene continental glaciation: Science, v. 202, no. 4,365, p. 305-307.
Bowen, M. W., and Johnson, W. C., 2012, Late Quaternary environmental reconstructions of playa-lunette system evolution on the central High Plains of Kansas, United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 124, p.146-161.
Cohen, K. M., Finney, S. C., Gibbard, P. L., and Fan, J.-X., 2013, The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart: Episodes, v. 36, p. 199-204.
Cohen, K. M., and Gibbard, P. L., 2011, Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years: Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy), Cambridge, England. http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale (accessed July 7, 2017).
Condra, G. E., Reed, E. C., and Gordon, E. D., 1947, Correlation of the Pleistocene deposits of Nebraska: Nebraska Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 15, 71 p.
Daniels, R. B., Rubin, M., and Simpson, G. H., 1963, Alluvial chronology of the Thompson Creek watershed, Harrison County, Iowa: American Journal of Science, v. 261, p. 473-484.
Dillon, J. S., and Mandel, R. D., 2006, The Honey Creek Member: A new Holocene alluvial stratigraphic unit in the Midwest: Iowa Academy of Science, v. 113, p. 57-68.
Dort, W., 1966, Nebraskan and Kansan stades: Complexity and importance: Science, v. 154, no. 3,750, p. 771-772.
Dort, W., Jr., 1985, Field evidence for more than two early Pleistocene glaciations of the central plains: TER-QUA symposium series, v. 1, p. 41-51.
Feng, Z.-D., 1997, Geochemical characteristics of a loess-soil sequence in central Kansas: Soil Science Society of America, v. 61, p. 534-541.
Follmer, L. R., 1983, Sangamon and Wisconsinan pedogenesis in the Midwestern United States; in, Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, the Late Pleistocene vol. 1., H. E. Wright and S. C. Porter, eds.: University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, p. 138-144.
Frye, J. C., 1945, Problems of Pleistocene stratigraphy in central and western Kansas: Journal of Geology, v. 53, p. 73-93.
Frye, J. C., and Leonard, A. B., 1952, Pleistocene geology of Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 99, 230 p. [available online]
Frye, J. C., Swineford, A., and Leonard, A. B., 1948, Correlation of Pleistocene deposits of the central Great Plains with the glacial section: The Journal of Geology, v. 56, no. 6, p. 501-525.
Gottsfield, A. S., 2009, Late-Quaternary stratigraphy and geoarchaeology of the upper Neosho River basin, east-central Kansas: MS Thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 166 p.
Grimley, D. A., Follmer, L. R., Hughes, R. E., and Solheid, P. A., 2003, Modern, Sangamon and Yarmouth soil development in loess of unglaciated southwestern Illinois: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 22, p. 225-244.
Hallberg, G. R., 1986, Pre-Wisconsin glacial stratigraphy of the central plains region in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 5, p. 11-15.
Izett, G. A., 1981, Volcanic ash beds: Recorders of upper Cenozoic silicic pyroclastic volcanism in the western United States: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B11, p. 10,200-10,222.
Izett, G. A., and Wilcox, R. E., 1982, Map showing localities and inferred distribution of the Huckleberry Ridge, Mesa Falls, and Lava Creek ash beds (Pearlette family ash beds) of Pliocene and Pleistocene age in the western United States and Canada: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map 1-1325, scale 1:4,000,000. [available online]
Johnson, W. C., and Willey, K. L., 2000, Isotopic and rock magnetic expression of environmental change at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the central Great Plains: Quaternary International, v. 67, p. 89-106.
Johnson, W. C., Willey, K. L., Mason, J. A., and May, D. W., 2007, Stratigraphy and environmental reconstruction at the middle Wisconsinan Gilman Canyon formation type locality, Buzzard's Roost, southwestern Nebraska, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 67, p. 474-486.
Karlstrom, E. T., Oviatt, C. G., and Ransom, M. D., 2008, Paleoenvironmental interpretation of multiple soil-loess sequence at Milford Reservoir, northeastern Kansas: Catena, v. 72, no. 1, p. 113-128.
Korus, J. T., and Joeckel, R. M., 2011, Generalized geologic and hydrostratigraphic framework of Nebraska: Conservation and Survey Division, School of Natural Resources, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Geologic Maps and Charts 38, 1 p. http://snr.unl.edu/csd/download/GMC-38.pdf (accessed 7/6/2017).
Korus, J. T., Joeckel, R. M., and Divine, D., 2013, Three-dimensional hydrostratigraphy of the Firth, Nebraska area: Results from helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) mapping in the Eastern Nebraska Water Resources Assessment (ENWRA): Conservation and Survey Division, School of Natural Resources, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Conservation Bulletin 3 (New Series), 100 p.
Layzell, A. L., and Mandel, R. D., 2014, An assessment of the erodibility of Holocene lithounits comprising streambanks in northeastern Kansas, USA: Geomorphology, v. 213, p. 116-127.
Layzell, A. L., Mandel, R. D., Rittenour, T. M., Smith, J. J., Harlow, R. H., and Ludvigson, G. A., 2016, Stratigraphy, morphology, and geochemistry of late Quaternary buried soils on the High Plains of southwestern Kansas, USA: Catena, v. 144, p. 45-55.
Lugn, A.L., 1934, Outline of Pleistocene geology of Nebraska: Nebraska State Museum Bulletin, v. 41, p. 319-356.
Lugn, A. L., and Condra, G., 1932, Pleistocene formations of Southern Nebraska (abstract): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 43, p. 190.
Mandel, R. D., 2006, Geomorphology, Quaternary stratigraphy, and geoarchaeology of Fox Creek valley, Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, northeastern Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2006-29, 52 p. [available online]
Mandel, R. D., and Bettis, E. A., III, 2001, Late Quaternary landscape evolution in the South Fork of the Big Nemaha River Valley, Southeastern Nebraska and Northeastern Kansas: Guidebook No. 11, Conservation and Survey Division, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
Mandel, R. D., Bettis, E. A., III, and Hanson, P. R., 2016, Characteristics and geochronology of the Severance Formation: A new mid- through late Wisconsinan lithostratigraphic unit in the eastern plains of North America: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 48, no. 7, doi:10.1130/abs/2016AM-286301.
Mandel, R. D., Reynolds, J. D., Williams, B. G., and Wulfkuhle, V. A., 1991, Upper Delaware river and tributaries watershed: Results of geomorphological and archeological studies in Atchison, Brown, Jackson, and Nemaha Counties, Kansas: Contract Archeology Publication No. 9, Kansas State Historical Society, 130 p.
McLean, J. A., 2010, A reassessment of the significance of the Coffey Site (14PO1), Tuttle Creek Lake, Pottawatomie County, Kansas: MS thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 95 p.
Miao, X., Mason, J., Goblet, R. J., and Hanson, P. R., 2005, Loess record of dry climate and aeolian activity in the early- to mid-Holocene, central Great Plains, North America: The Holocene, v. 15, no. 3, p. 339-346.
NACSN (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature), 2005, North American Stratigraphic code: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 89, p. 1,547-1,591.
Naeser, C. W., Izett, G. A., and Wilcox, R. E., 1973, Zircon fission-track ages of Pearlette family ash beds in Meade County, Kansas: Geology, v. 1, no. 4, p. 187-189.
Presley, D. R., Hartley, P. E., and Ransom, M. D., 2010, Mineralogy and morphological properties of buried polygenetic paleosols formed in late quaternary sediments on upland landscapes of the central plains, USA: Geoderma, v. 154, no. 3, p. 508-517.
Reed, E. C., and Dreeszen, V. H., 1965, Revision of the classification of the Pleistocene deposits of Nebraska: University of Nebraska, Conservation and Survey Division, Bulletin 23, 65 p.
Riccardi, A. C., 2009, IUGS ratified ICS recommendation on redefinition of Pleistocene and formal definition of base of Quaternary: International Union of Geological Sciences. http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/IUGS%20Ratification_Q%20&%20Pleistocene.pdf.
Richmond, G. M., and Fullerton, D. S., 1986, Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 5, p. 183-196.
Rovey, C. W., and Bettis, E. A., III, 2014, Pleistocene geology and classic type sections along the Missouri River valley in western Iowa; in, Geologic Field Trips along the Boundary between the Central Lowlands and Great Plains, J. T. Korus, ed.: Geological Society of America Field Guide 36, p. 23-38.
Roy, M., Clark, P. U., Barendregt, R. W., Glasmann, J. R., and Enkin, R. J., 2004, Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 1-2, p. 30-41.
Walker, M., Johnsen, S., Rasmussen, S. O., Popp, T., Steffensen, J.-P., Gibbard, P., Hoek, W., Lowe, J., Andrews, J., Björck, S., Cwynar, L. C., Hughen, K., Kershaw, P., Kromer, B., Litt, T., Lowe, D. J., Nakagawa, T., Newnham, R., and Schwander, J., 2009, Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 24, p. 3-17.
Ward, P. A., Carter, B. J., and Weaver, B., 1993, Volcanic ashes: Time markers in soil parent materials of the southern plains: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 57, no. 2, p. 453-460.
Zeller, D. E., 1968, The stratigraphic succession in Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 189, 81 p., 1 plate. [available online]
Baker, R. G., Bettis, E. A., Mandel, R. D., Dorale, J. A., and Fredlund, G. G., 2009, Mid-Wisconsinan environments on the eastern Great Plains: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 28, no. 9, p. 873-889.
Bayne, C. K., and O'Conner, H. G., 1968, Quaternary system; in, The stratigraphic succession in Kansas, D. E. Zeller, ed.: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 189, p. 59-67. [available online]
Beeton, J. M., and Mandel, R. D., 2011, Soils and late-Quaternary landscape evolution in the Cottonwood River basin, east-central Kansas: Implications for archaeological research: Geoarchaeology, v. 26, no. 5, p. 693-723.
Bettis, E. A., III, 1990, Holocene alluvial stratigraphy and selected aspects of the Quaternary history of western Iowa: Midwest Friends of the Pleistocene 37th Field Conference Guidebook, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Bureau, Iowa City.
Bettis, E. A., III, 1995, The Holocene stratigraphic record of entrenched stream systems in thick loess regions of the Mississippi River basin: Ph.D. thesis, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
Boellstorff, J. D., 1976, The succession of late Cenozoic volcanic ashes in the Great Plains: A progress report: Kansas Geological Survey, Guidebook Series, v. 1, p. 37-71. [available online]
Boellstorff, J., 1978a, A need for redefinition of North American Pleistocene stages: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 28, p. 65-74.
Boellstorff, J., 1978b, Chronology of some late Cenozoic deposits from the central United States and the ice ages: Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, v. 6, p. 35-49.
Boellstorff, J., 1978c, North American Pleistocene stages reconsidered in light of probable Pliocene-Pleistocene continental glaciation: Science, v. 202, no. 4,365, p. 305-307.
Bowen, M. W., and Johnson, W. C., 2012, Late Quaternary environmental reconstructions of playa-lunette system evolution on the central High Plains of Kansas, United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 124, p.146-161.
Cohen, K. M., Finney, S. C., Gibbard, P. L., and Fan, J.-X., 2013, The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart: Episodes, v. 36, p. 199-204.
Cohen, K. M., and Gibbard, P. L., 2011, Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years: Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy), Cambridge, England. http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale (accessed July 7, 2017).
Condra, G. E., Reed, E. C., and Gordon, E. D., 1947, Correlation of the Pleistocene deposits of Nebraska: Nebraska Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 15, 71 p.
Daniels, R. B., Rubin, M., and Simpson, G. H., 1963, Alluvial chronology of the Thompson Creek watershed, Harrison County, Iowa: American Journal of Science, v. 261, p. 473-484.
Dillon, J. S., and Mandel, R. D., 2006, The Honey Creek Member: A new Holocene alluvial stratigraphic unit in the Midwest: Iowa Academy of Science, v. 113, p. 57-68.
Dort, W., 1966, Nebraskan and Kansan stades: Complexity and importance: Science, v. 154, no. 3,750, p. 771-772.
Dort, W., Jr., 1985, Field evidence for more than two early Pleistocene glaciations of the central plains: TER-QUA symposium series, v. 1, p. 41-51.
Feng, Z.-D., 1997, Geochemical characteristics of a loess-soil sequence in central Kansas: Soil Science Society of America, v. 61, p. 534-541.
Follmer, L. R., 1983, Sangamon and Wisconsinan pedogenesis in the Midwestern United States; in, Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, the Late Pleistocene vol. 1., H. E. Wright and S. C. Porter, eds.: University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, p. 138-144.
Frye, J. C., 1945, Problems of Pleistocene stratigraphy in central and western Kansas: Journal of Geology, v. 53, p. 73-93.
Frye, J. C., and Leonard, A. B., 1952, Pleistocene geology of Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 99, 230 p. [available online]
Frye, J. C., Swineford, A., and Leonard, A. B., 1948, Correlation of Pleistocene deposits of the central Great Plains with the glacial section: The Journal of Geology, v. 56, no. 6, p. 501-525.
Gottsfield, A. S., 2009, Late-Quaternary stratigraphy and geoarchaeology of the upper Neosho River basin, east-central Kansas: MS Thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 166 p.
Grimley, D. A., Follmer, L. R., Hughes, R. E., and Solheid, P. A., 2003, Modern, Sangamon and Yarmouth soil development in loess of unglaciated southwestern Illinois: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 22, p. 225-244.
Hallberg, G. R., 1986, Pre-Wisconsin glacial stratigraphy of the central plains region in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 5, p. 11-15.
Izett, G. A., 1981, Volcanic ash beds: Recorders of upper Cenozoic silicic pyroclastic volcanism in the western United States: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B11, p. 10,200-10,222.
Izett, G. A., and Wilcox, R. E., 1982, Map showing localities and inferred distribution of the Huckleberry Ridge, Mesa Falls, and Lava Creek ash beds (Pearlette family ash beds) of Pliocene and Pleistocene age in the western United States and Canada: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map 1-1325, scale 1:4,000,000. [available online]
Johnson, W. C., and Willey, K. L., 2000, Isotopic and rock magnetic expression of environmental change at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the central Great Plains: Quaternary International, v. 67, p. 89-106.
Johnson, W. C., Willey, K. L., Mason, J. A., and May, D. W., 2007, Stratigraphy and environmental reconstruction at the middle Wisconsinan Gilman Canyon formation type locality, Buzzard's Roost, southwestern Nebraska, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 67, p. 474-486.
Karlstrom, E. T., Oviatt, C. G., and Ransom, M. D., 2008, Paleoenvironmental interpretation of multiple soil-loess sequence at Milford Reservoir, northeastern Kansas: Catena, v. 72, no. 1, p. 113-128.
Korus, J. T., and Joeckel, R. M., 2011, Generalized geologic and hydrostratigraphic framework of Nebraska: Conservation and Survey Division, School of Natural Resources, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Geologic Maps and Charts 38, 1 p. http://snr.unl.edu/csd/download/GMC-38.pdf (accessed 7/6/2017).
Korus, J. T., Joeckel, R. M., and Divine, D., 2013, Three-dimensional hydrostratigraphy of the Firth, Nebraska area: Results from helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) mapping in the Eastern Nebraska Water Resources Assessment (ENWRA): Conservation and Survey Division, School of Natural Resources, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Conservation Bulletin 3 (New Series), 100 p.
Layzell, A. L., and Mandel, R. D., 2014, An assessment of the erodibility of Holocene lithounits comprising streambanks in northeastern Kansas, USA: Geomorphology, v. 213, p. 116-127.
Layzell, A. L., Mandel, R. D., Rittenour, T. M., Smith, J. J., Harlow, R. H., and Ludvigson, G. A., 2016, Stratigraphy, morphology, and geochemistry of late Quaternary buried soils on the High Plains of southwestern Kansas, USA: Catena, v. 144, p. 45-55.
Lugn, A.L., 1934, Outline of Pleistocene geology of Nebraska: Nebraska State Museum Bulletin, v. 41, p. 319-356.
Lugn, A. L., and Condra, G., 1932, Pleistocene formations of Southern Nebraska (abstract): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 43, p. 190.
Mandel, R. D., 2006, Geomorphology, Quaternary stratigraphy, and geoarchaeology of Fox Creek valley, Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, northeastern Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2006-29, 52 p. [available online]
Mandel, R. D., and Bettis, E. A., III, 2001, Late Quaternary landscape evolution in the South Fork of the Big Nemaha River Valley, Southeastern Nebraska and Northeastern Kansas: Guidebook No. 11, Conservation and Survey Division, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
Mandel, R. D., Bettis, E. A., III, and Hanson, P. R., 2016, Characteristics and geochronology of the Severance Formation: A new mid- through late Wisconsinan lithostratigraphic unit in the eastern plains of North America: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 48, no. 7, doi:10.1130/abs/2016AM-286301.
Mandel, R. D., Reynolds, J. D., Williams, B. G., and Wulfkuhle, V. A., 1991, Upper Delaware river and tributaries watershed: Results of geomorphological and archeological studies in Atchison, Brown, Jackson, and Nemaha Counties, Kansas: Contract Archeology Publication No. 9, Kansas State Historical Society, 130 p.
McLean, J. A., 2010, A reassessment of the significance of the Coffey Site (14PO1), Tuttle Creek Lake, Pottawatomie County, Kansas: MS thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 95 p.
Miao, X., Mason, J., Goblet, R. J., and Hanson, P. R., 2005, Loess record of dry climate and aeolian activity in the early- to mid-Holocene, central Great Plains, North America: The Holocene, v. 15, no. 3, p. 339-346.
NACSN (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature), 2005, North American Stratigraphic code: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 89, p. 1,547-1,591.
Naeser, C. W., Izett, G. A., and Wilcox, R. E., 1973, Zircon fission-track ages of Pearlette family ash beds in Meade County, Kansas: Geology, v. 1, no. 4, p. 187-189.
Presley, D. R., Hartley, P. E., and Ransom, M. D., 2010, Mineralogy and morphological properties of buried polygenetic paleosols formed in late quaternary sediments on upland landscapes of the central plains, USA: Geoderma, v. 154, no. 3, p. 508-517.
Reed, E. C., and Dreeszen, V. H., 1965, Revision of the classification of the Pleistocene deposits of Nebraska: University of Nebraska, Conservation and Survey Division, Bulletin 23, 65 p.
Riccardi, A. C., 2009, IUGS ratified ICS recommendation on redefinition of Pleistocene and formal definition of base of Quaternary: International Union of Geological Sciences. http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/IUGS%20Ratification_Q%20&%20Pleistocene.pdf.
Richmond, G. M., and Fullerton, D. S., 1986, Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 5, p. 183-196.
Rovey, C. W., and Bettis, E. A., III, 2014, Pleistocene geology and classic type sections along the Missouri River valley in western Iowa; in, Geologic Field Trips along the Boundary between the Central Lowlands and Great Plains, J. T. Korus, ed.: Geological Society of America Field Guide 36, p. 23-38.
Roy, M., Clark, P. U., Barendregt, R. W., Glasmann, J. R., and Enkin, R. J., 2004, Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 1-2, p. 30-41.
Walker, M., Johnsen, S., Rasmussen, S. O., Popp, T., Steffensen, J.-P., Gibbard, P., Hoek, W., Lowe, J., Andrews, J., Björck, S., Cwynar, L. C., Hughen, K., Kershaw, P., Kromer, B., Litt, T., Lowe, D. J., Nakagawa, T., Newnham, R., and Schwander, J., 2009, Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 24, p. 3-17.
Ward, P. A., Carter, B. J., and Weaver, B., 1993, Volcanic ashes: Time markers in soil parent materials of the southern plains: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 57, no. 2, p. 453-460.
Zeller, D. E., 1968, The stratigraphic succession in Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 189, 81 p., 1 plate. [available online]
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Layzell, Anthony L., Robert S. Sawin, Rolfe D. Mandel, Greg A. Ludvigson, Evan K. Franseen, Ronald R. West, and W. Lynn Watney. 2017. “Quaternary Stratigraphy and Stratigraphic Nomenclature Revisions in Kansas”. Current Research in Earth Sciences, no. 263 (December): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.17161/cres.v0i263.11811.
