Carboniferous–Permian Boundary in Kansas, Midcontinent, U.S.A.

Authors

  • Robert S. Sawin Kansas Geological Survey
  • Ronald R. West Department of Geology, Kansas State University
  • Evan K. Franseen Kansas Geological Survey
  • W. Lynn Watney Kansas Geological Survey
  • James R. McCauley Kansas Geological Survey

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17161/cres.v0i252.11838

Abstract

The placement of the Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)-Permian boundary in Kansas has been debated since the rocks of this age were first described and named. With the ratification of the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Permian System in the southern Ural Mountains, the Carboniferous-Permian boundary in Kansas can now be confidently defined. Based on the identification of the first occurrence of the conodont Streptognathodus isolatus that definitively correlates the Kansas rock section to the basal Permian GSSP, the Carboniferous-Permian boundary in Kansas can be placed at the base of the Bennett Shale Member of the Red Eagle Limestone.

The Kansas Geological Survey proposes that the Tuttle Creek Lake Spillway section, located in northeast Kansas, be considered for the Carboniferous-Permian boundary stratotype in Kansas. It is further suggested that the stratigraphic position of the Carboniferous-Permian boundary in the Tuttle Creek Lake Spillway section be considered as a potential North American stratotype.

In addition to being a significant biostratigraphic boundary, the Carboniferous-Permian boundary and enclosing strata also have significance because they reflect important geologic events and changes that occurred on a regional and global scale.

References

Anderson, D. L., 1982, Hotspots, polar wander mesozoic convection, and the geoid: Nature, v. 297, p. 391-393.

Baars, D. L., 1990, Permian chronostratigraphy in Kansas: Geology, v. 18, p. 687-690.

Baars, D. L., Ritter, S. M., Maples, C. G., and Ross, C. A., 1994, Redefinition of the Upper Pennsylvanian Virgilian Series in Kansas; in, Revision of Stratigraphic Nomenclature in Kansas, D. L. Baars (compiler): Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 230, p. 11-16.

Baars, D. L., Ross, C. A., Ritter, S. M., and Maples, C. G., 1994, Proposed repositioning of the Pennsylvanian-Permian boundary in Kansas; in, Revision of Stratigraphic Nomenclature in Kansas, D. L. Baars (compiler): Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 230, p. 5-9.

Barker, G. W., 1983, Palynology of the Admire Group ("Lower Permian") of eastern Kansas: Ph.D. dissertation, Kent State University, 329 p.

Barker, G. W., and Eames, L. E., 1988, A standard Permian (Wolfcampian) palynomorph succession from a precisely dated continuous core in Kansas: Amoco Production Company, Technical Report No. 88287, Art. 020, 22 p., 94 pls.

Blakey, R., 2005, Global plate tectonics and paleogeography: Northern Arizona University, web site http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/ (accessed December 2005).

Boardman, D. R., 1999, Virgilian and lowermost Permian sea-level curve and cyclothems; in, Guidebook for XIV-ICCP Field Trip No. 8: Middle and Upper Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous) Cyclothem Succession in Midcontinent Basin, USA, P. H. Heckel (ed.): Held in association with XIV International Congress on the Carboniferous-Permian, Calgary, Canada, sponsored by Kansas Geological Survey and the University of Kansas Energy Research Center; also available as KGS Open-file Report 99-27, p. 103-118.

Boardman, D. R., II, Nestell, M. K., and Knox, L. W., 1995, Depth-related microfaunal biofacies model for Late Carboniferous and Early Permian cyclothemic sedimentary sequences in midcontinent North America; in, Sequence Stratigraphy of the Midcontinent, N. Hynd (ed.): Tulsa Geological Society, Special Publication, no. 4, p. 93-118.

Boardman, D. R., II, Work, D. M., Mapes, R. H., and Barrick, J. E., 1994, Biostratigraphy of Middle and Late Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian-Virgilian) ammonoids: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 232, 121 p.

Boardman, D. R., II, Nestell, M. K., and Wardlaw, B. R., 1998, Uppermost Carboniferous and lowermost Permian deposition and conodont biostratigraphy of Kansas, USA; in, Permian Stratigraphy, Environments and Resources, v. 2, Y. Jin, B. R. Wardlaw, and Y. Wang (eds.): Palaeoworld, no. 9, p. 19-32.

Branson, C. G., 1964, Cyclicity in Oklahoma Paleozoic rocks; in, Symposium on Cyclic Sedimentation, D. F. Merriam (ed.): Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 169, v. 1, p. 57-62. [Available online]

Chernykh, V. V., and Ritter, S. M., 1994, Preliminary biostratigraphic assessment of conodonts from the proposed Carboniferous-Permian boundary stratotype, Aidaralash Creek, northern Kazakhstan: Permophiles, iss. 25, p. 4-6.

Chernykh, V. V., and Ritter, S. M., 1997, Streptognathodus (Conodonta) succession at the proposed Carboniferous-Permian boundary stratotype section, Aidaralash Creek, northern Kazakhstan: Journal of Paleontology, v. 71, no. 3, p. 459-474.

Chernykh, V. V., Ritter, S. M., and Wardlaw, B. R., 1997, Streptognathodus isolatus new species (Conodonta): Proposed index for the Carboniferous-Permian boundary: Journal of Paleontology, v. 71, no. 1, p. 162-164.

Clark, M. H., 1989, Genetic stratigraphy of the Red Eagle and Roca formations (Lower Permian) of northeast Kansas (abs.): Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 21, no. 1, p. 6.

Condra, G. E., 1927, The stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian System in Nebraska: Nebraska Geological Survey, Bulletin 1, ser. 2, p. 1-291.

Davydov, V. I., Glenister, B. F., Spinosa, C., Ritter, S. M., Chernykh, V. V., Wardlaw, B. R., and Snyder, W. S., 1995, Proposal of Aidaralash as GSSP for the base of the Permian System: Permophiles, iss. 26, p. 1-9.

Davydov, V. I., Glenister, B. F., Spinosa, C., Ritter, S. M., Chernykh, V. V., Wardlaw, B. R., and Snyder, W. S., 1998, Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System: Episodes, v. 21, no. 1, p. 11-18.

Dickinson, W. R., and Lawton, T. F., 2003, Sequential intercontinental suturing as the ultimate control for Pennsylvanian Ancestral Rocky Mountain deformation: Geology, v. 31, no. 7, p. 609-612.

Dorobek, S. L., 2004, Late Paleozoic deformation of the Permian basin region and other parts of the Marathon-Ouachita foreland: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 36, no. 5, p. 509.

Douglass, R. C., 1962, Phylum Protozoa, Class Sarconina--Order Foraminifera, Fusulinidae of the Brownville through Americus interval in Kansas; in, Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Uppermost Pennsylvanian and Lowermost Permian Rocks in Kansas, M. R. Mudge and E. L. Yochelson (eds.): U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 323, p. 55-64.

Dunn, M. T., 2001, Palynology of the Carboniferous-Permian boundary stratotype, Aidaralash Creek, Kazakhstan: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 116, p. 175-194.

Dutton, S.P., and Goldstein, A. G., 1988, Palo Duro, Hardeman, and Dalhart basins; in, Chapter 12, Southern Midcontinent Region, Decade of North America, v. D-2, Sedimentary Cover--North American Craton, U.S., K. S. Johnson et al. (vol. eds.), L. L. Sloss (series ed.): Geological Society of America, p. 341-346.

Elias, M. K., 1937, Depth of deposition of the Big Blue (late Paleozoic) sediments in Kansas: Geological Society of America, Bulletin, v. 48, p. 403-432.

Heald, K. C., 1916, The oil and gas geology of the Foraker quadrangle, Osage County, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 641, p. 17-47.

Hoy, R. G., and Ridgway, K. D., 2003, Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of fan-delta and river-delta depositional systems, Pennsylvanian Minturn Formation, Colorado: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, v. 87, no. 7, p. 1,169-1,191.

Keairns, C., 1995, Sequence stratigraphy of Pennsylvanian-Permian boundary strata from the North American midcontinent: M.S. thesis, Oklahoma State University, 255 p.

Keairns, C. E., and Boardman, D. R., II, 2001, Principal reference section of Red Eagle Limestone; in, Pennsylvanian and Permian Geology and Petroleum in the Southern Midcontinent, 1998 Symposium, K. S. Johnson (ed.): Oklahoma Geological Survey, Circular 104, p. 115-118.

McCrone, A. W., 1963, Paleoecology and biostratigraphy of the Red Eagle cyclothem (Lower Permian) in Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 164, 114 p. [available online]

McKee, E. D., and Oriel, S. S., 1967, Paleotectonic maps of the Permian System: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Geological Investigations Map I-450, 164 p.

Miller, K. B., 1994, Tuttle Creek Lake spillway exposure: Cycle patterns and paleosol profiles: Kansas Geological Survey, Open-file Report 94-23, 26 p. [Available online]

Miller, K. B., McCahon, T. J., and West, R. R., 1996, Lower Permian (Wolfcampian) paleosol-bearing cycles of the U.S. midcontinent: evidence of climatic cyclicity: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 66, p. 71-84.

Miller, K. B., and West, R. R., 1998, Identification of sequence boundaries within cyclic strata of the Lower Permian of Kansas, U.S.A.: problems and alternatives: Journal of Geology, v. 106, p. 119-132.

Moore, R. C., 1940, Carboniferous-Permian boundary: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, v. 24, no. 2, p. 282-336.

Moore, R. C., 1949, Divisions of the Pennsylvanian System in Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 83, 203 p. [available online]

Moore, R. C., and Moss, R. G., 1934, Permian-Pennsylvanian boundary in the northern midcontinent area (abs.): Geological Society of America, Proceedings, 1933, p. 100.

Mudge, M. R., and Yochelson, E. L., 1962, Stratigraphy and paleontology of the uppermost Pennsylvanian and lowermost Permian rocks in Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 323, 213 p.

Muehleisen, S. A., 1994, Trace and rare-earth element geochemistry of the Bennett Shale Member (Red Eagle Limestone) and its implications for the depositional environment of this unit at the Tuttle Creek Dam Spillway exposure, eastern Kansas, U.S.A; in, Contributions to the Geology of Rocks Exposed by the "Flood of '93" at the Tuttle Creek Reservoir Spillway near Manhattan, Kansas, R. R. West (compiler): Kansas Geological Survey, Open-file Report 94-36, p. 4.1-4.24. [available online]

North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature, 2005, North American stratigraphic code: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, v. 89, p. 1,547-1,591.

O'Connor, H. G., and Jewett, J. M., 1952, The Red Eagle Formation in Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 96, part 8, p. 329-362. [Available online]

Olszewski, T. D., 2000, Testing for a relationship between paleocommunity recurrence and taxonomic turnover using a sequence stratigraphic framework: PhD. dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 378 p.

Olszewski, T. D., and Patzkowsky, M. E., 2003, From cyclothems to sequences: The record of eustasy and climate on an icehouse epeiric platform (Pennsylvanian-Permian, North American midcontinent): Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 73, no. 1, p. 15-30.

Rankey, E. C., and Farr, M. R., 1997, Preserved pedogenic mineral magnetic signature, pedogeneis, and paleoclimate change: Pennsylvanian Roca Shale (Virgilian, Asselian), central Kansas, U.S.A.: Sedimentary Geology, v. 114, p. 11-32.

Ritter, S. M., 1995, Upper Missourian-Lower Wolfcampian (Upper Kasimovian-Lower Asselian) conodont biostratigraphy of the midcontinent, U.S.A.: Journal of Paleontology, v. 69, no. 6, p. 1,139-1,154.

Ross, C. A., and Ross, J. P. R., 1987, Late Paleozoic depositional sequences; in, Timing and Depositional History of Eustatic Sequences, Figure 4, Permian Cycle Chart, C. A. Ross and D. Haman: Constraints on Seismic Stratigraphy, Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication No. 24, 228 p.

Sanderson, G. A., Verville, G. J., Groves, J. R., and Wahlman, G. P., 2001, Fusulinacean biostratigraphy of the Virgilian Stage (Upper Pennsylvanian) in Kansas: Journal of Paleontology, v. 75, no. 4, p. 883-887.

Scotese, C. R., 2004, A continental drift flipbook: The Journal of Geology, v. 112, p. 729-741.

Scotese, C. R., and McKerrow, W. S., 1990, Revised world maps and introduction; in, Palaeozoic Palaeogeography and Biogeography, W. S. McKerrow and C. R. Scotese (eds.): Geological Society of London, Memoir No. 12, p. 1-21.

Shapiro, R. S., and West, R. R., 1999, Late Paleozoic stromatolites: New insights from the Lower Permian of Kansas: Lethaia, v. 32, no. 2, p. 131-139.

Swallow, G. C., 1858a, Letter to the Academy on the Permian in Kansas: Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science, v. 1, p. 111-112.

Swallow, G. C., 1858b, On the Permian strata in Kansas Territory: American Journal of Science, ser. 2, v. 25, no. 74, p. 305.

Sweet, W. C., 1988, The Conodonta--Morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolutionary history of a long-extinct animal phylum: Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics, Clarendon Press, Oxford and New York, 212 p.

Tabor, N. J., and Montanez, I. P., 2002, Shifts in late Paleozoic atmospheric circulation over western equatorial Pangea: Insights from pedogenic mineral del O-18 compositions: Geology, v. 30, no. 12, p. 1,127-1,130.

Thompson, M. L., 1954, American Wolfcampian fusulinids: University of Kansas Paleontologic Contributions, Protozoa, no. 4, art. 5, 225 p.

Utting, J., 1989, Preliminary palynological zonation of surface and subsurface sections of Carboniferous, Permian, and lowest Triassic rocks, Sverdrup basin, Canadian Arctic archipelago: Current Research, Part G, Paper 89-1C, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, p. 233-240.

Wahlman, G. P., 1998, Fusulinid biostratigraphy of the new Pennsylvanian-Permian boundary in the southwest and midcontinent U.S.A. (abs.): Geological Society of America, South-central Section Meeting, Abstracts with Program, v. 30, no. 3, p. 34.

Wahlman, G. P., (in press), Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian-Virgilian) fusulinid biostratigraphy of the North American midcontinent; in, Midcontinent Volume of Carboniferous of the World, P. H. Heckel (ed.): International Union of Geological Sciences.

Wahlman, G. P., and King, W. E., 2002, Latest Pennsylvanian and earliest Permian fusulinid biostratigraphy, Robledo Mountains and adjacent ranges, south-central New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Circular 208, 26 p.

Wang, C., 2000, The base of the Permian System in China defined by Streptognathodus isolatus: Permophiles, no. 36, p. 14-15.

Wardlaw, B. R., and Davydov, V. I., 2000, Preliminary placement of the international Lower Permian working standard to the Glass Mountains, Texas: Permophiles, no. 36, p. 11-14.

Wardlaw, B. R., Davydov, V., and Gradstein, F. M., 2004, The Permian Period; in, A Geologic Time Scale 2004, F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith (eds.): Cambridge University Press, p. 249-270.

Wardlaw, B. R., Boardman, D. R., II, and Nestell, M. K., 2004, Carboniferous-Permian stratigraphy of the midcontinent: Permophiles, no. 44, p. 25-28.

Watney, W. L., Berg, J. A., and Paul, S., 1988, Origin and distribution of the Hutchinson (lower Leonardian) in Kansas; in, Permian Rocks of the Midcontinent, W. A. Morgan and J. A. Babcock (eds.): Midcontinent SEPM, Special Publication No. 1., p. 113-135.

West, R. R. (compiler), 1994, Contributions to the geology of rocks exposed by the "Flood of '93" at the Tuttle Creek Reservoir spillway near Manhattan, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Open-file Report 94-36, 54 p. [available online]

West, R. R., Archer, A. W., and Miller, K. B., 1997, The role of climate in stratigraphic patterns exhibited by late Palaeozoic rocks exposed in Kansas: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 128, p. 1-16.

Zeller, D. E., ed., 1968, The stratigraphic succession in Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 189, 81 p. [Available online]

Downloads

Published

2006-07-19

How to Cite

Sawin, Robert S., Ronald R. West, Evan K. Franseen, W. Lynn Watney, and James R. McCauley. 2006. “Carboniferous–Permian Boundary in Kansas, Midcontinent, U.S.A”. Current Research in Earth Sciences, no. 252 (July): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.17161/cres.v0i252.11838.