Preliminary Identification of Ground-Water Nitrate Sources Using Nitrogen and Carbon Stable Isotopes, Kansas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17161/cres.v0i253.11845Abstract
Increasing nitrate-N in ground water is a problem in many areas with limited ground-water supplies, such as west-central Kansas. However, potential sources of nitrate-N are not known. Nitrate-N concentrations in ground water in the Hays study area in Ellis County, west-central Kansas, range from 0.9 to 26 mg/L. The δ15N signatures of the ground waters are more enriched (+16.8 to +28.7‰) than those of the soils (+8.4 to +13.7‰), strongly suggesting that nitrogen sources are not from mineralized and labile nitrogen present in the unsaturated zone. In this study, nitrate-N values greater than the U.S. EPA drinking water limit of 10 mg/L occur with δ15N values of greater than +10‰. This relationship between high nitrate-N concentrations and enriched δ15N values (greater than +10‰) in ground water has been observed in other studies in Kansas and is usually related to a human- and/or animal-waste source.
Soil cores collected near municipal wells had mean total nitrogen values of 1.2-15 mg/kg. Increased δ15N with depth in several of the cores suggests that microbial mineralization, denitrification, or volatilization processes caused the enriched δ15N signatures. Decreasing total nitrogen and nitrate-N values with depth also help support the idea of microbial processes.
Stable carbon isotopes provide supporting evidence that soils are not a major contributor to the observed nitrate-N concentration in the ground water. δ13C values of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soils generally were more enriched (-11.6 to -18.8‰) while corresponding ground-water δ13C values were more depleted (-19.9 to -22.2‰), suggesting that the source of the DOC in ground water is not from the soils.
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Rennie, D. A., Paul, E. A., and Johns, L. E., 1976, Natural nitrogen-15 abundance of soil and plant samples: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, v. 56, p. 43-50.
Shearer, G., Kohl, D. H., and Chien, S. H., 1978, The nitrogen-15 abundance in a wide variety of soils: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 42, p. 899-902.
Sophocleous, M. A., 1998, Perspectives on sustainable development: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 239, p. 9-10.
Spalding, R. F., and Exner, M. E., 1993, Occurrence of nitrate in ground water-a review: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 22, no. 3, p. 392-402.
Spalding, R. F., Gormly, J. R., and Nash, K G., 1978, Carbon contents and sources in ground waters of the Central Platte Region in Nebraska: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 7, p. 428-434.
Thornthwaite, C. W., 1948, An approach toward a rational classification of climate: Geographical Review, v. 38, p. 55-94.
Thornwaite, C. W., 1952, Evapotranspiration in the hydrologic cycle; in, Physical Basis of Water Supply and its Principal Uses: U.S. Congress, House of Interior and Insular Affairs Committee, Washington, D. C., p. 25-35.
Townsend, M. A., and Macko, S. A., 2004, Use of nitrogen-15 isotope method in soils and ground water to determine potential nitrogen sources affecting a municipal water supply in Kansas, USA: American Geophysical Union, EOS Transactions, v. 85, no. 47, Fall Meet. Suppl., H41D-0330. http://www.agu.org/meetings/fm04/waisfm04.html (verified December 2007).
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Townsend, M. A., Young, D. P., and Macko, S. A., 2003, Kansas case study applications of nitrogen-15 natural abundance method for identification of nitrate sources: Journal of Hazardous Substance Research, v. 4, no. 4, 22 p., http://www.engg.ksu.edu/HSRC/JHSR/v4_no4.pdf (verified December 2007).
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Wang, Y., Huntington, T. G., Osher, L. J., Wassenaar, L. I., Trumbore, S. E., Amundson, R. G., Harden, J. W., McKnight, D. M., Schiff, S. L., Aiken, G. R., Lyons, W. B., Aravena, R. O., and Baron, J. S., 1998, Carbon cycling in terrestrial environments; in, C. Kendall and J. J. McDonnell, Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 577-610.
Broadbent, F. E., Rauschkolb, R. S., Lewis, K. A., and Chang, G. Y., 1980, Spatial variability of nitrogen-15 and total nitrogen in some virgin and cultivated soils: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 44, p. 403-432.
Davis, J. C., 1986, Statistics and data analysis in geology: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 646 p.
Deines, P., 1980, The isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon; in, Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, 1, The Terrestrial Environment, P. Fritz and J. C. Fontes, eds.: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 329-406.
DWR and KGS (Division of Water Resources, Kansas Department of Agriculture, and Kansas Geological Survey), 2005, WIMAS (Water Information Management and Analysis System), Version 5 for the web: Kansas Geological Survey, http://hercules.kgs.ku.edu/geohydro/wimas/index.cfm (verified March 2008).
Ehleringer, J. R., Buchmann, N., and Flanagan, L. B., 2000, Carbon isotope ratios in belowground carbon cycle processes: Ecological Applications, v. 10, no. 2, p. 412-422.
Fogg, G.E., Rolston, D. E., Decker, D. L., Louie, D. T., and Grismer, M. E., 1998, Spatial variation in nitrogen isotope values beneath nitrate contamination sources: Ground Water, v. 36, no. 3, p. 418-426.
Gearing, P. J., Gearing, J. N., Maughan, J. T., and Oviatt, C. A., 1991, Isotopic distribution of carbon from sewage sludge and eutrophication in the sediments and food web of estuarine ecosystems: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 25, p. 295-301.
Hare, P. E., Fogel, M. L., Stafford, T. W., Jr., Mitchell, A. D., and Hoering, T. C., 1991, The isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen in individual amino acids isolated from modern and fossil proteins: Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 18, p. 277-292.
Hathaway, L. R., 1990, Nitrate UV-spectrophotometric screening method for the Technicon Autoanalyzer II System: Kansas Geological Survey, Open-file Report 90-49, 4 p.
Hathaway, L. R., Carr, B. L., Galle, O., Magnuson, L. M., Waugh, T. C., and Dickey, H. P., 1977, Chemical quality of irrigation waters in Hamilton, Kearny, Finney and northern Gray counties: Kansas Geological Survey, Chemical Quality Series 4, 33 p.
Heaton, T. H. E., 1986, Isotopic studies of nitrogen pollution in the hydrosphere and atmosphere--a review: Chemical Geology, v. 59, p. 87-102.
Helsel, D. R., and Hirsch, R. M., 1995, Statistical methods in water resources, Studies in Environmental Science 49: New York, Elsevier, 529 p.; also available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/twri/twri04A3, (verified July 2008).
Hem, J. D., 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water, 3d ed.: U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 p., http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/wsp/wsp2254, (verified July 2008).
Herbel, M. J., and Spalding, R. F., 1993, Vadose zone fertilizer-derived nitrate and δ15N extracts: Ground Water, v. 31, no. 3, p. 316-322.
Hoefs, J., 2001, Stable isotope geochemistry, 4th ed.: Springer, 201 p.
Ihori, T., Burke, I. C., and Hook, P. B., 1995, Nitrogen mineralization in native cultivated and abandoned fields in shortgrass steppe: Plant and Soil, v. 171, p. 203-208.
Insightful Corporation, 2005, SPLUS® Professional Developer Version 7.0.2 for Microsoft Windows: Seattle, Insightful Corporation.
Johnson, W. C., Willey, K. L., Macpherson, G. L., 2007, Carbon isotope variation in modern soils of the tallgrass prairie--Analogues for the interpretation of isotopic records derived from paleosols: Quaternary International, v. 162-163, p. 3-20.
KDA (Kansas Department of Agriculture), 2006, Pesticide and fertilizer program fertilizer tonnage report: Grade 1-5: Kansas Department of Agriculture, http://www.ksda.gov/pesticides%5Ffertilizer/ (verified July 2008).
KSU (Kansas State University), 2006, Research soil testing methods, KSU Soil Testing Laboratory, http://www.agronomy.ksu.edu/SOILTESTING/ (verified July 2008).
Karamanos, R. E., Voroney, R. P., and Rennie, D. A., 1981, Variation in natural N-15 abundance of central Saskatchewan soils: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 45, p. 826-828.
Kendall, C., 1998, Tracing nitrogen sources and cycling in catchments; in, Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology, C. Kendall and J. J. McDonnell, eds.: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 519-576.
Korom, S. F., 1992, Natural denitrification in the saturated zone--a review: Water Resources Research, v. 28, p. 1,657-1,668.
Kreitler, C. W., 1975, Determining the source of nitrate in ground water by nitrogen isotope studies: University of Texas (Austin), Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations, no. 83, 57 p.
LECO Corporation, 1995, Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur testing in soil/plant tissue: St. Joseph, Michigan, LECO Corporation, CNS 2000 instrument method, Form No. 203-821-002.
LECO Corporation, 2000, Total/organic carbon and nitrogen in soils: St. Joseph, Michigan, LECO Corporation, CNS 2000 instrument method, Form No. 203-821-165.
Mortatti, J., Evangelista, R. A. O., Bendassolli, J. A., Trivelin, P. C. O., Milde, L. C. E., and Santana, A. G. B., 2004, Characterization of domestic sewage in riverine system using carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 tracers: Revista de Ciência & Tecnologia, v. 11, no. 2, p. 37-44.
Mueller, D. K., and Helsel, D. R., 1996, Nutrients in the nation's waters-too much of a good thing?: U.S. Geological Survey, Circular 1136, 24 p., http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/cir/cir1136 (verified July 2008).
Neuhauser, K. R., and Pool, J. C., 1988, Geologic map, Ellis County, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Map M-19, scale.1:53,870, http://www.kgs.ku.edu/General/Geology/County/def/ellis.html (verified July 2008).
Pope, L. M., Bruce, B. W., and Hansen, C. V., 2001, Ground-water quality in Quaternary deposits of the central High Plains aquifer, south-central Kansas, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations Report 00-4259, 44 p., http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/wri/wri004259 (verified July 2008).
Rennie, D. A., Paul, E. A., and Johns, L. E., 1976, Natural nitrogen-15 abundance of soil and plant samples: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, v. 56, p. 43-50.
Shearer, G., Kohl, D. H., and Chien, S. H., 1978, The nitrogen-15 abundance in a wide variety of soils: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 42, p. 899-902.
Sophocleous, M. A., 1998, Perspectives on sustainable development: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 239, p. 9-10.
Spalding, R. F., and Exner, M. E., 1993, Occurrence of nitrate in ground water-a review: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 22, no. 3, p. 392-402.
Spalding, R. F., Gormly, J. R., and Nash, K G., 1978, Carbon contents and sources in ground waters of the Central Platte Region in Nebraska: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 7, p. 428-434.
Thornthwaite, C. W., 1948, An approach toward a rational classification of climate: Geographical Review, v. 38, p. 55-94.
Thornwaite, C. W., 1952, Evapotranspiration in the hydrologic cycle; in, Physical Basis of Water Supply and its Principal Uses: U.S. Congress, House of Interior and Insular Affairs Committee, Washington, D. C., p. 25-35.
Townsend, M. A., and Macko, S. A., 2004, Use of nitrogen-15 isotope method in soils and ground water to determine potential nitrogen sources affecting a municipal water supply in Kansas, USA: American Geophysical Union, EOS Transactions, v. 85, no. 47, Fall Meet. Suppl., H41D-0330. http://www.agu.org/meetings/fm04/waisfm04.html (verified December 2007).
Townsend, M. A., and Macko, S. A., 2005, Evapoconcentration not an indicator of nitrate in Kansas ground water: 15th V. M. Goldschmidt Conference, May 2005, Moscow, Idaho, Abstracts, p. A605.
Townsend, M. A., and Sleezer, R. O., 1995, Drainage basin scale variation of nitrate-N concentrations in ground water, Harvey County, Kansas: Geological Society of America, 1995 Abstracts with Programs of North-Central Section and South-Central Section, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, p. A-90.
Townsend, M. A., and Young, D. P., 2000, Assessment of nitrate-nitrogen distribution in Kansas ground water, 1990-1998: Natural Resources Research, v. 9, no. 2, p. 125-134.
Townsend, M. A., Macko, S. A., and Young, D. P., 2001, Distribution and sources of nitrate-nitrogen in Kansas ground water; in, Optimizing Nitrogen Management in Food and Energy Production and Environmental Protection: Proceedings of the 2nd International Nitrogen Conference on Science and Policy, The ScientificWorld, v. 1, no. S2, p. 216-222.
Townsend, M. A., Sleezer, R. O., and Macko, S. A., 1996, Effects of agricultural practices and vadose zone stratigraphy on nitrate concentration in ground water in Kansas, USA: Water Science and Technology, v. 33, no. 4-5, p. 219-226.
Townsend, M. A., Young, D. P., and Macko, S. A., 2003, Kansas case study applications of nitrogen-15 natural abundance method for identification of nitrate sources: Journal of Hazardous Substance Research, v. 4, no. 4, 22 p., http://www.engg.ksu.edu/HSRC/JHSR/v4_no4.pdf (verified December 2007).
USDA NRCS (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service), 2002, Soil characterization data base: U.S. Department of Agriculture, http://ssldata.nrcs.usda.gov/ (verified August 2007).
USDA NRCS (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service), 2006, Web Soil Survey: U.S. Department of Agriculture, http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/ (verified August 2007).
USDA SCS (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service), 1975, Soil survey of Ellis County, Kansas: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 86 p.
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2003, National primary drinking water standards: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/index.html#inorganic (verified June 2008).
USGS (U.S. Geological Survey), 1983, 7.5-minute series topographic map, Hays South quadrangle, Ellis County, Kansas: U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey, scale 1:24,000.
Wang, Y., Huntington, T. G., Osher, L. J., Wassenaar, L. I., Trumbore, S. E., Amundson, R. G., Harden, J. W., McKnight, D. M., Schiff, S. L., Aiken, G. R., Lyons, W. B., Aravena, R. O., and Baron, J. S., 1998, Carbon cycling in terrestrial environments; in, C. Kendall and J. J. McDonnell, Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 577-610.
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Townsend, M. A., and S. A. Macko. 2007. “Preliminary Identification of Ground-Water Nitrate Sources Using Nitrogen and Carbon Stable Isotopes, Kansas”. Current Research in Earth Sciences, no. 253 (December): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.17161/cres.v0i253.11845.
