Comparison of Maturation Data and Fluid-Inclusion Homogenization Temperatures to Simple Thermal Models
Implications for Thermal History and Fluid Flow in the Midcontinent
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17161/cres.v0i240.11847Abstract
Time-temperature index (TTI) modeling is used to establish a simple theoretical thermal maturity for Paleozoic strata in central Kansas. These thermal maturation calculations are based on estimates of likely geothermal gradients and best knowledge of the tectonic history of the region, as derived from stratigraphic thicknesses and estimates of erosion at unconformities. Major uncertainties in the data for the TTI modeling are burial during Cretaceous time and geothermal gradient, thus several models were calculated in which ranges of these two variables were considered. Results of the thermal modeling are then compared to available data on the thermal maturation. These data are principally derived from subsurface samples, on which vitrinite-reflectance, pyrolysis, and fluid-inclusion analyses have been performed.
Vitrinite-reflectance and Rock-Eval maturation measurements indicate that Middle and Upper Ordovician strata (i.e., Simpson, Viola, and Maquoketa formations) in the study area are in initial phases of oil generation. Maturation modeling can match the results of the organic analyses, but geothermal gradients and burial during the Cretaceous have to be maximized.
Although the TTI modeling utilizing very high geothermal gradients and near-excessive thicknesses of Cretaceous strata can match the observed maturation, the modeled results are probably not correct because fluid-inclusion data from saddle dolomites from the Upper Ordovician Viola Limestone indicate this unit reached temperatures 50° C higher than the maximum modeled temperature. A thermal event is inferred to account for the excess maturation and elevated fluid-inclusion homogenization temperatures. This thermal event may be manifested in the erratic increase of vitrinite-reflectance with depth for post-Devonian strata, as well as for pyrolysis measurements in wells for which maturation profiles are available. Flow of heated water onto the cratonic shelf out of the Anadarko basin during the late Paleozoic Ouachita orogeny may be responsible for the maturation anomalies.
References
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Barker, C. E., and Goldstein, R. H., 1990, Fluid inclusion technique for determining maximum temperature and its comparison to the vitrinite reflectance geothermometer: Geology, v. 18, p. 1,003-1,006.
Barker, C. E., Goldstein, R. H., Hatch, J. R., Walton, A. W., and Wojcik, K. M., 1992, Burial history and thermal maturation of Pennsylvanian rocks, Cherokee basin, southeastern Kansas; in, Source Rocks in the Southern Midcontinent, K. S. Johnson and B. J. Cardott, eds.: Oklahoma Geological Survey, Circular 93, p. 299-310.
Bethke, C. M., 1985, A numerical model of compaction-driven groundwater flow and heat transfer and its application to the paleohydrology of intracratonic sedimentary basins: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, p. 6,817-6,828.
Bethke, C. M., and Marshak, S., 1990, Brine migrations across North America--The plate tectonics of groundwater: Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 18, p. 287-315.
Bethke, C. M., Reed, J. D., and Oltz, D. F., 1991, Long-distance petroleum migration in the Illinois basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 75, p. 925-945.
Cathles, L. M., and Smith, A. T., 1983, Thermal constraints on the formation of Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits and their implications for episodic basin dewatering and deposit genesis: Economic Geology, v. 78, p. 983-1,002.
Clementz, D. M., 1979, Effect of oil and bitumen saturation on source-rock pyrolysis: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 63, p. 2,227-2,232.
Deming, D., and Nunn, J. A., 1991, Numerical simulations of brine migration by topographically driven recharge: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, B2, p. 2,485-2,499.
Deming, D., Nunn, J. A., Jones, S., and Chapman, D. S., 1990, Some problems in thermal history studies; in, Applications of Thermal Maturity Studies to Energy Exploration, V. F. Nuccio and C. E. Barker, eds.: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Rocky Mountain Section, p. 61-80.
Dow, W. G., and O'Connor, D. I., 1982, Kerogen maturity and type by reflected light microscopy applied to petroleum exploration; in, How to Assess Maturation and Paleotemperatures: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course Notes 7, p. 133-157.
Espitalé, J., Laporte, J. L., Madec, M., Marquis, F., Leplat, P., Paulet, J., and Boutefeu, A., 1977, Méthode rapide de caractérisation des roches mères, et de leur potentiel pétrolier et de leur degré d'évolution: Revue de l'Institut Français du Pétrole, v. 32, p. 23-42.
Feazel, C. T., and Aram, R. B., 1990, Interpretation of discontinuous vitrinite reflectance profiles--Discussion: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 71, p. 91-93.
Förster, A., and Merriam, D. F., 1993, Geothermal field interpretation in south-central Kansas for parts of the Nemaha anticline and flanking Cherokee and Sedgwick basins: Basin Research, v. 5, p. 213-234.
Förster, A., Merriam, D. F., and Davis, J. C., 1993, Relationship of geological and geothermal field properties--Midcontinent area, USA, an example: Mathematical Geology, v. 25, p. 937-947.
Garven, G., and Freeze, R. A., 1984, Theoretical analysis of the role of groundwater flow in the genesis of stratabound ore deposits--2--Quantitative results: American Journal of Science, v. 284, p. 1,125-1,174.
Garven, G., Ge, S., Person, M. A., Sverjensky, D. A., 1993, Genesis of stratabound ore deposits in the Midcontinent basins of North America--1--The role of regional groundwater flow: American Journal of Science, v. 293, p. 497-568.
Ge, S., and Garven, G., 1989, Tectonically induced transient groundwater flow in foreland basins; in, The Origin and Evolution of Sedimentary Basins and Their Energy and Mineral Resources, R. A. Rice, ed.: American Geophysical Union Geodynamics Series, Monograph 48, p. 145-157.
Ge, S., and Garven, G., 1992, Hydromechanical modeling of tectonically driven groundwater flow with application to the Arkoma foreland basin: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 9,119-9,144.
Goldstein, R. H., and Reynolds, T. J., 1994, Systematics of fluid inclusions in diagenetic minerals: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Short Course Notes 31, 199 p.
Gregg, J. M., 1985, Regional epigenetic dolomitization in the Bonneterre Dolomite (Cambrian), southeastern Missouri: Geology, v. 13, p. 503-506.
Habicht, J. K. A., 1979, Paleoclimate, paleomagnetism, and continental drift: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Studies in Geology, no. 9, 31 p.
Haq, B. U., and Van Eysinga, W. B., 1987, Geological Time Scale (4th edition): Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers.
Harris, A., 1979, Conodont color alteration, and organo-mineral metamorphic index, and its application to Appalachian basin geology; in, Aspects of Diagenesis, P. A. Scholle and P. R. Schlugar, eds.: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication 26, p. 17-43.
Hermanrud, C., 1986, On the importance to the petroleum generation of heating effects from compaction derived water--An example from the North sea; in, Thermal Modeling of Sedimentary Basins, J. Burrus, ed.: Paris, Editions Technip, p. 247-269.
Héroux, Y., Chagnon, A., and Bertrand, R., 1979, Compilation and correlation of major thermal maturation indicators: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 63, p. 2,128-2,144.
Hunt, J. M., 1979, Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology: San Francisco, W. H. Freeman and Co., 617 p.
Jarvie, D. M., 1991, Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis; in, Source Migration Processes and Evaluation Techniques, R. K. Merrill, ed.: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Treatise of Petroleum Geology Handbook of Petroleum Geology, p. 113-118.
Jenden, P. D., Newell, K. D., Kaplan, I. R., and Watney, W. L., 1988, Composition and stable-isotope geochemistry of natural gases from Kansas, Midcontinent, U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 71, p. 117-147.
Law, B. E., and Nuccio, V. F., 1986, Segmented vitrinite reflectance profile from the Deep Seam project, Piceance Creek basin, Colorado--Evidence of previous high pore pressure (abstract): American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 70, p. 1,047.
Leach, D. L., and Rowan, E. L., 1986, Genetic link between Ouachita foldbelt tectonism and the Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits of the Ozarks: Geology, v. 14, p. 931-935.
Lee, W., 1956, Stratigraphy and structural development of the Salina basin area: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 121, 167 p. [available online]
Lopatin, N. V., 1971, Temperature and geologic time as factors in coalification (in Russian): Akademiya Nauk SSSR Izvestiya, Seriya Geologicheskaya, no. 3, p. 95-106.
Luczaj, J. A., 1995, Origin and timing of uranium-bearing diagenetic phases in the lower Krider Member of the Nolans Limestone, Hugoton embayment, southwest Kansas: M.S. thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 272 p.
Merriam, D. F., 1963, The geologic history of Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 162, 317 p. [available online]
Morrow, D. W., and Issler, D. R., 1993, Calculation of vitrinite reflectance from thermal histories--A comparison of some methods: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 77, p. 610-624.
Newell, K. D., 1996, Lithofacies and diagenesis of the Upper Ordovician Viola Limestone on the Central Kansas arch and adjacent basins: Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 610 p. (also available as Kansas Geological Survey, Open-file Report 96-10).
Oliver, J., 1986, Fluids expelled tectonically from orogenic belts, their role in hydrocarbon migration and other geologic phenomena: Geology, v. 14, p. 99-102.
Peters, K. E., 1986, Guidelines for evaluating petroleum source rock using programmed pyrolysis: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 70, p. 318-329.
Philp, R. P., and Galvez-Sinibaldi, A., 1991, Characterization of organic matter by various pyrolysis techniques, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Treatise of Petroleum Geology Handbook of Petroleum Geology, p. 107-112.
Price, L., 1980, Shelf and shallow basin oil as related to hot-deep origin of petroleum: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 3, p. 91-116.
Price, L. C., and Barker, C. E., 1985, Supression of vitrinite reflectance in amorphous rich kerogen--A major unrecognized problem: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 8, p. 59-84.
Rich, J. L., 1933, Distribution of oil pools in Kansas in relation to pre-Mississippian structure and areal geology: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 17, p. 793-815.
Roedder, E., 1984, Fluid inclusions: Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 12, 644 p.
Smith, L., and Chapman, D. S., 1983, On the thermal effects of groundwater flow--1--Regional scale systems: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 88, p. 593-608.
Stavnes, S. A., 1982, A preliminary study of the subsurface temperature distribution in Kansas and its relationship to the geology: M.S. thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 311 p.
Stavnes, S. A., and Steeples, D. W., 1982, Geothermal resources of Kansas: Division of Geothermal Energy, United States Department of Energy, scale 1:500,000 (map with text and subsidiary maps; map also available at Kansas Geological Survey).
Tissot, B. P., Pelet, R., and Ungerer, P., 1987, Thermal history of sedimentary basins, maturation indices, and kinetics of oil and gas generation: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 71, p. 1,445-1,466.
Tissot, B. P., and Welte, D. H., 1984, Petroleum formation and occurrence (2nd edition): Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 699 p.
van Gijzel, P., 1982, Characterization and identification of kerogen and bitumen and determination of thermal maturation by means of qualitative and quantitative microscopical techniques: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Short Course Notes 7, p. 159-216.
Walters, R. F., 1958, Differential entrapment of oil and gas in Arbuckle dolomite of central Kansas: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 42, p. 2,133-2,173.
Walton, A. W., Wojcik, K. M., Goldstein, R. H., and Barker, C. E., 1995, Diagenesis of Upper Carboniferous rocks in the Ouachita foreland shelf in mid-continent USA--An overview of widespread effects of a Variscan-equivalent orogeny: Geologische Rundschau, v. 84, p. 535-551.
Waples, D. W., 1980, Time and temperature in petroleum generation--Application of Lopatin's technique to petroleum exploration: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 64, p. 916-926.
Waples, D. W., 1981, Organic Geochemistry for Exploration Geologists: Minneapolis, Burgess Publishing Company, 151 p.
Wojcik, K. M., Goldstein, R. H., and Walton, A. W., 1994, History of diagenetic fluids in a distant foreland area, Middle and Upper Pennsylvanian, Cherokee basin, Kansas, USA--Fluid inclusion evidence: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 1,175-1,191.
Wojcik, K. M., McKibben, M. E., Goldstein, R. H., and Walton, A. W., 1992, Diagenesis, thermal history, and fluid migration, Middle and Upper Pennsylvanian Rocks, southeastern Kansas; in, Source Rocks in the Southern Midcontinent, K. S. Johnson and B. J. Cardott, eds.: Oklahoma Geological Survey, Circular 93, p. 144-159.
Yao, Q., and Demicco, R. V., 1995, Paleoflow patterns of dolomitizing fluids and paleohydrogeology of the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains--Evidence from dolomite geometry and numerical modeling: Geology, v. 23, p. 791-794.
Barker, C. E., and Goldstein, R. H., 1990, Fluid inclusion technique for determining maximum temperature and its comparison to the vitrinite reflectance geothermometer: Geology, v. 18, p. 1,003-1,006.
Barker, C. E., Goldstein, R. H., Hatch, J. R., Walton, A. W., and Wojcik, K. M., 1992, Burial history and thermal maturation of Pennsylvanian rocks, Cherokee basin, southeastern Kansas; in, Source Rocks in the Southern Midcontinent, K. S. Johnson and B. J. Cardott, eds.: Oklahoma Geological Survey, Circular 93, p. 299-310.
Bethke, C. M., 1985, A numerical model of compaction-driven groundwater flow and heat transfer and its application to the paleohydrology of intracratonic sedimentary basins: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, p. 6,817-6,828.
Bethke, C. M., and Marshak, S., 1990, Brine migrations across North America--The plate tectonics of groundwater: Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 18, p. 287-315.
Bethke, C. M., Reed, J. D., and Oltz, D. F., 1991, Long-distance petroleum migration in the Illinois basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 75, p. 925-945.
Cathles, L. M., and Smith, A. T., 1983, Thermal constraints on the formation of Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits and their implications for episodic basin dewatering and deposit genesis: Economic Geology, v. 78, p. 983-1,002.
Clementz, D. M., 1979, Effect of oil and bitumen saturation on source-rock pyrolysis: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 63, p. 2,227-2,232.
Deming, D., and Nunn, J. A., 1991, Numerical simulations of brine migration by topographically driven recharge: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, B2, p. 2,485-2,499.
Deming, D., Nunn, J. A., Jones, S., and Chapman, D. S., 1990, Some problems in thermal history studies; in, Applications of Thermal Maturity Studies to Energy Exploration, V. F. Nuccio and C. E. Barker, eds.: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Rocky Mountain Section, p. 61-80.
Dow, W. G., and O'Connor, D. I., 1982, Kerogen maturity and type by reflected light microscopy applied to petroleum exploration; in, How to Assess Maturation and Paleotemperatures: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course Notes 7, p. 133-157.
Espitalé, J., Laporte, J. L., Madec, M., Marquis, F., Leplat, P., Paulet, J., and Boutefeu, A., 1977, Méthode rapide de caractérisation des roches mères, et de leur potentiel pétrolier et de leur degré d'évolution: Revue de l'Institut Français du Pétrole, v. 32, p. 23-42.
Feazel, C. T., and Aram, R. B., 1990, Interpretation of discontinuous vitrinite reflectance profiles--Discussion: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 71, p. 91-93.
Förster, A., and Merriam, D. F., 1993, Geothermal field interpretation in south-central Kansas for parts of the Nemaha anticline and flanking Cherokee and Sedgwick basins: Basin Research, v. 5, p. 213-234.
Förster, A., Merriam, D. F., and Davis, J. C., 1993, Relationship of geological and geothermal field properties--Midcontinent area, USA, an example: Mathematical Geology, v. 25, p. 937-947.
Garven, G., and Freeze, R. A., 1984, Theoretical analysis of the role of groundwater flow in the genesis of stratabound ore deposits--2--Quantitative results: American Journal of Science, v. 284, p. 1,125-1,174.
Garven, G., Ge, S., Person, M. A., Sverjensky, D. A., 1993, Genesis of stratabound ore deposits in the Midcontinent basins of North America--1--The role of regional groundwater flow: American Journal of Science, v. 293, p. 497-568.
Ge, S., and Garven, G., 1989, Tectonically induced transient groundwater flow in foreland basins; in, The Origin and Evolution of Sedimentary Basins and Their Energy and Mineral Resources, R. A. Rice, ed.: American Geophysical Union Geodynamics Series, Monograph 48, p. 145-157.
Ge, S., and Garven, G., 1992, Hydromechanical modeling of tectonically driven groundwater flow with application to the Arkoma foreland basin: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 9,119-9,144.
Goldstein, R. H., and Reynolds, T. J., 1994, Systematics of fluid inclusions in diagenetic minerals: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Short Course Notes 31, 199 p.
Gregg, J. M., 1985, Regional epigenetic dolomitization in the Bonneterre Dolomite (Cambrian), southeastern Missouri: Geology, v. 13, p. 503-506.
Habicht, J. K. A., 1979, Paleoclimate, paleomagnetism, and continental drift: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Studies in Geology, no. 9, 31 p.
Haq, B. U., and Van Eysinga, W. B., 1987, Geological Time Scale (4th edition): Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers.
Harris, A., 1979, Conodont color alteration, and organo-mineral metamorphic index, and its application to Appalachian basin geology; in, Aspects of Diagenesis, P. A. Scholle and P. R. Schlugar, eds.: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication 26, p. 17-43.
Hermanrud, C., 1986, On the importance to the petroleum generation of heating effects from compaction derived water--An example from the North sea; in, Thermal Modeling of Sedimentary Basins, J. Burrus, ed.: Paris, Editions Technip, p. 247-269.
Héroux, Y., Chagnon, A., and Bertrand, R., 1979, Compilation and correlation of major thermal maturation indicators: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 63, p. 2,128-2,144.
Hunt, J. M., 1979, Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology: San Francisco, W. H. Freeman and Co., 617 p.
Jarvie, D. M., 1991, Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis; in, Source Migration Processes and Evaluation Techniques, R. K. Merrill, ed.: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Treatise of Petroleum Geology Handbook of Petroleum Geology, p. 113-118.
Jenden, P. D., Newell, K. D., Kaplan, I. R., and Watney, W. L., 1988, Composition and stable-isotope geochemistry of natural gases from Kansas, Midcontinent, U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 71, p. 117-147.
Law, B. E., and Nuccio, V. F., 1986, Segmented vitrinite reflectance profile from the Deep Seam project, Piceance Creek basin, Colorado--Evidence of previous high pore pressure (abstract): American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 70, p. 1,047.
Leach, D. L., and Rowan, E. L., 1986, Genetic link between Ouachita foldbelt tectonism and the Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits of the Ozarks: Geology, v. 14, p. 931-935.
Lee, W., 1956, Stratigraphy and structural development of the Salina basin area: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 121, 167 p. [available online]
Lopatin, N. V., 1971, Temperature and geologic time as factors in coalification (in Russian): Akademiya Nauk SSSR Izvestiya, Seriya Geologicheskaya, no. 3, p. 95-106.
Luczaj, J. A., 1995, Origin and timing of uranium-bearing diagenetic phases in the lower Krider Member of the Nolans Limestone, Hugoton embayment, southwest Kansas: M.S. thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 272 p.
Merriam, D. F., 1963, The geologic history of Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 162, 317 p. [available online]
Morrow, D. W., and Issler, D. R., 1993, Calculation of vitrinite reflectance from thermal histories--A comparison of some methods: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 77, p. 610-624.
Newell, K. D., 1996, Lithofacies and diagenesis of the Upper Ordovician Viola Limestone on the Central Kansas arch and adjacent basins: Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 610 p. (also available as Kansas Geological Survey, Open-file Report 96-10).
Oliver, J., 1986, Fluids expelled tectonically from orogenic belts, their role in hydrocarbon migration and other geologic phenomena: Geology, v. 14, p. 99-102.
Peters, K. E., 1986, Guidelines for evaluating petroleum source rock using programmed pyrolysis: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 70, p. 318-329.
Philp, R. P., and Galvez-Sinibaldi, A., 1991, Characterization of organic matter by various pyrolysis techniques, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Treatise of Petroleum Geology Handbook of Petroleum Geology, p. 107-112.
Price, L., 1980, Shelf and shallow basin oil as related to hot-deep origin of petroleum: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 3, p. 91-116.
Price, L. C., and Barker, C. E., 1985, Supression of vitrinite reflectance in amorphous rich kerogen--A major unrecognized problem: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 8, p. 59-84.
Rich, J. L., 1933, Distribution of oil pools in Kansas in relation to pre-Mississippian structure and areal geology: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 17, p. 793-815.
Roedder, E., 1984, Fluid inclusions: Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 12, 644 p.
Smith, L., and Chapman, D. S., 1983, On the thermal effects of groundwater flow--1--Regional scale systems: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 88, p. 593-608.
Stavnes, S. A., 1982, A preliminary study of the subsurface temperature distribution in Kansas and its relationship to the geology: M.S. thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 311 p.
Stavnes, S. A., and Steeples, D. W., 1982, Geothermal resources of Kansas: Division of Geothermal Energy, United States Department of Energy, scale 1:500,000 (map with text and subsidiary maps; map also available at Kansas Geological Survey).
Tissot, B. P., Pelet, R., and Ungerer, P., 1987, Thermal history of sedimentary basins, maturation indices, and kinetics of oil and gas generation: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 71, p. 1,445-1,466.
Tissot, B. P., and Welte, D. H., 1984, Petroleum formation and occurrence (2nd edition): Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 699 p.
van Gijzel, P., 1982, Characterization and identification of kerogen and bitumen and determination of thermal maturation by means of qualitative and quantitative microscopical techniques: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Short Course Notes 7, p. 159-216.
Walters, R. F., 1958, Differential entrapment of oil and gas in Arbuckle dolomite of central Kansas: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 42, p. 2,133-2,173.
Walton, A. W., Wojcik, K. M., Goldstein, R. H., and Barker, C. E., 1995, Diagenesis of Upper Carboniferous rocks in the Ouachita foreland shelf in mid-continent USA--An overview of widespread effects of a Variscan-equivalent orogeny: Geologische Rundschau, v. 84, p. 535-551.
Waples, D. W., 1980, Time and temperature in petroleum generation--Application of Lopatin's technique to petroleum exploration: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin 64, p. 916-926.
Waples, D. W., 1981, Organic Geochemistry for Exploration Geologists: Minneapolis, Burgess Publishing Company, 151 p.
Wojcik, K. M., Goldstein, R. H., and Walton, A. W., 1994, History of diagenetic fluids in a distant foreland area, Middle and Upper Pennsylvanian, Cherokee basin, Kansas, USA--Fluid inclusion evidence: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 1,175-1,191.
Wojcik, K. M., McKibben, M. E., Goldstein, R. H., and Walton, A. W., 1992, Diagenesis, thermal history, and fluid migration, Middle and Upper Pennsylvanian Rocks, southeastern Kansas; in, Source Rocks in the Southern Midcontinent, K. S. Johnson and B. J. Cardott, eds.: Oklahoma Geological Survey, Circular 93, p. 144-159.
Yao, Q., and Demicco, R. V., 1995, Paleoflow patterns of dolomitizing fluids and paleohydrogeology of the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains--Evidence from dolomite geometry and numerical modeling: Geology, v. 23, p. 791-794.
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Newell, K. David. 1997. “Comparison of Maturation Data and Fluid-Inclusion Homogenization Temperatures to Simple Thermal Models: Implications for Thermal History and Fluid Flow in the Midcontinent”. Current Research in Earth Sciences, no. 240 (April): 13-27. https://doi.org/10.17161/cres.v0i240.11847.
