Failure of Intramedullary Expandable Tibial Nail and Fragmentation During Extraction

55 Failure of Intramedullary Expandable Tibial Nail and Fragmentation During Extraction Bradley C. Daily, M.D., M. Camden Whitaker, M.D., Steven J. Howell, M.D., Teresa L. Jones, M.P.H., M.T.(ASCP), Jeffrey M. Janzen, B.S. Orthopaedic Sports Health Clinic, Salina, KS Department of Surgery, Section of Orthopaedics, University of Kansas School of Medicine–Wichita Kansas Joint and Spine Institute, Wichita, KS Kansas Orthopaedic Center, P.A., Wichita, KS Via Christi Hospitals Wichita, Inc, Wichita, KS


Introduction
The tibial shaft is the most commonly fractured long bone in orthopaedics. 1epending on the characteristics of the fracture and the patient, various treatment options have been successful.These include closed reduction and immobilization, intramedullary nailing, external fixation, flexible Ender nailing, compression plating, interfragmentary screwing, and functional braces. 2 Intramedullary (IM) nail fixation of the tibial shaft has become the preferred method of definitive treatment in open and closed diaphyseal fractures. 3The degree of soft tissue and bony injury must be evaluated as contraindications for IM nailing of open tibial fractures.][6][7][8] As an alternative to the interlocking forms of IM nail fixation, a more recent nail design that incorporates an expandable chamber for fixation of the humerus, femur, and tibia is now available (Fixion nail, Disc Orthopaedic Technologies Inc, Monroe Township, NJ).To our knowledge, there have been no reports of expandable tibial nail breakage and only one report of humeral nail breakage, in which no complications were noted during removal of the nail.
We present a case of a young male who sustained an open tibial shaft fracture and was treated with an expandable nail.The patient developed a nonunion of the tibia, bending of the IM rod, breaking of tines and fragmentation.

Case Report
A 19-year-old male sustained an injury to his right leg in a motocross accident.Upon evaluation by an orthopaedic surgeon, the patient had a comminuted fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and fibula (Figure 1).A 2-cm laceration was noted over the tibial fracture.A nondisplaced fracture of the medial malleolus also was noted.The patient underwent debridement and irrigation of the open fracture and placed in a long leg cast the day of the injury.Intravenous antibiotics were given postoperatively.
Eighteen days after the injury, the patient underwent removal of the cast and IM nailing of the tibia using the (Fixion) expandable nail.A patellar splitting approach was used and an 8.5mm x 340mm expandable tibial nail was placed after a second incision over the fracture was used to remove interposed soft tissue from the fracture site.The nail was expanded using sterile saline and reduction of the fracture was observed.He continued non-weight bearing activities after surgery.Eight days after the IM nail was placed, the patient was fitted with an air cast splint and continued non-weight bearing.Elevenweek post-operative radiographs showed callus formation at the tibial shaft fracture and weight bearing as tolerated was advised.Twenty-five week post-operative radiographs showed a persistent fracture line.Weight bearing as tolerated was continued and he was advised to avoid high impact activities.Thirty-week post-operative radiographs showed bending of the IM nail and gross motion of the fracture site (Figure 2).He was placed back in an air splint and advised he would need further surgery to obtain union of the fracture.
The patient moved out of state and presented to an orthopedic surgeon (SJH) for treatment of the tibial nonunion.Radiographs revealed that the nail was bent and a tine was broken at the nonunion site (Figure 3).It was elected to proceed with exchange nailing of the tibial nonunion.The previous patellar tendon splitting incision was used and bone was removed over the nail to engage the Fixion extractor.The nail was extracted and examination confirmed that the tines were broken and bent (Figure 4).Portions of the tines were believed to be missing.Fluoroscopic images showed a portion of a tine at the nonunion site (Figure 5).The previous incision over the fracture was used, a portion of the nonunion was debrided, cultures were taken, and the distal tine removed.An incision over the fibula was utilized and an osteotomy of the fibula proximal to the previous fracture was performed to aid in reduction the tibia.A guide rod was passed down the tibia and a reamed 12mm x 345mm dynamically locked IM nail (Synthes, Paoli, PA) was passed.Reamings were placed at the nonunion site and standard closure was done.Fluoroscopy of the knee showed a tine to be protruding through the lateral tibial plateau and into the lateral femoral condyle (Figure 6).An arthrotomy was made to remove this tine and a small 1mm x 2mm defect in the condyle was debrided of loose cartilage.The lateral tibial plateau was inspected and the lateral meniscus was intact.Tourniquet The patient showed radiographic and clinical healing of the fracture without further complications.At last follow-up, the patient had no complaints of knee pain and had resumed all activities.

Discussion
IM fixation of fractures has seen many advances in both technique and implant design since Stimson described IM ivory pegs in an 1883 textbook. 9Hey-Groves used metallic IM pegs in a femur fracture from a gunshot in World War I. 10 Küntscher popularized IM fixation with metal rods beginning in 1939.][13] IM fixation of tibial shaft fractures has increased in popularity as studies have shown decreased malunion rates, decreased joint stiffness, shorter time to union, and faster return to work. 14IM nailing of open fractures yields increased time to union and higher incidence of nonunion than IM nailing of closed fractures.At 4-month follow-up, approximately 23% of open fractures and 60% of closed fractures reach union. 15he technique of reaming has gained popularity.
An international survey published in 2002 showed 79.7% of surgeons performed some reaming in closed tibial shaft fractures prior to nail insertion. 6oncerns of reaming the IM canal have ranged from increased distal IM pressure, risk of embolic phenomenon, decreased endosteal blood supply, compartment syndrome, and thermal bone necrosis.Techniques of slow incremental reaming, sharp reamer tips, and release of any tourniquet have decreased the rate of complications from reaming.
Complications of implant failure are widely reported.The most common failure is the interlocking screw breaking from a fatigue fracture.2][23][24] Fatigue fracture of the IM nail is a much less common complication seen in up to 6% of nails, mostly from smaller unreamed nails in the presence of a nonunion. 25he Fixion expandable nail was first used clinically in 1999. 26The current usage in tibial fractures is for diaphyseal fracture, comminuted diaphyseal fracture, osteoporotic and pathologic fracture, and tibial nonunion.Advantages of the Fixion nail over standard interlocking nails include shorter operative time, decreased fluoroscopy exposure, no risk of reaming, and decreased risk of fracture through a locking screw hole.
The Fixion nail is made of a 316 stainless steel sealed pressure tube with four longitudinal bars connected to four stainless steel membranes (Figure 3).Proximally, the nail has a valve that allows the tube to be inflated with saline to expand the diameter of the rod and allow the four longitudinal bars or tines to abut the endosteal surface and conform to the medullary canal.The rod diameter can be increased up to 65% with expansion.The relative flexibility of the uninflated nail aids in its insertion, and the nail becomes rigid with saline expansion.The nail can be placed with or without reaming and is available with proximal and distal interlocking screws.Nail extraction is accomplished with removing the saline and deflating the nail.The nail resumes its preinflation shape and attachment of an extractor to the proximal cap. 279][30][31][32] Ozturk reported a case of humeral nail breakage, but did not mention any complications in its removal. 33ur case report identified a complication with the extraction of the nail due to bending and breakage of the tines in the presence of a nonunion.The nail suffered catastrophic failure during the removal process.Recognition of the tines in the fracture site and lateral femoral condyle allowed careful removal and treatment of the nonunion which went on to an uneventful healing with no apparent sequelae in the knee.

Conclusions
Tibial nonunion and implant failure is a recognized complication of all treatment options for diaphyseal tibial fractures.As designs of IM devices change, new complications are recognized through clinical use.Failure of the expandable tines was a previously unrecognized complication in the literature.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.A comminuted fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and fibula.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Bending of the IM nail and gross motion of the fracture site.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Bent nail and a broken tine at the nonunion site.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Extracted nail with broken and bent tines.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Fluoroscopic images immediately after surgical removal of the largest pieces of the nail, showing a portion of the tine remaining at the nonunion site.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Fluoroscopic images after static locked nail placed, showing a tine protruding through the lateral tibial plateau and into the lateral femoral condyle.
Court-Brown CM, Christie J, McQueen MM.Closed intramedullary tibial nailing.Its use in closed and type I open fractures.J Bone Joint Surg Br 1990; 72:605-611. 6