Impact of Increased Amino Acid Intake on Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Background. A consensus has not been reached on whether higher doses of parenteral amino acids improve growth in preterm infants without causing adverse side effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a more rapid increase in amino acids dosing in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants during their first few days of life. Methods. The study design was a 1:1 ratio case matched retrospective analysis of data from two distinct periods when the hyperalimentation practice differed. During phase I, a five-day incremental dose of amino acids was utilized. In phase II, a two-step dose increase of amino acids was practiced. Duration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN), weight at 28 days, hepatic and renal function tests, and rates of complications were compared. This study was approved by two local IRBs. Results. The phase II protocol resulted in an increased dose of amino acid delivered by day 7 (16 g/k vs 12.8 g/k, p < 0.001). This increased dose of amino acids resulted in a shorter duration of TPN usage (16 days vs 18 days, p = 0.001). The increased dosage did not have a detrimental effect on hepatic or renal function. It also did not increase the incidence of feed intolerance or bowel perforation. However, an increase in amino acid dosing did not increase absolute weight gain (15 g/k/day vs 13 g/k/day, p = 0.282). Conclusions. No unfavorable outcomes were demonstrated with this increased amino acid regimen. VLBW infants may be able to tolerate even higher doses in the first month after birth. KJM 2011; 4(2):31-36. Introduction Considerable research in the area of nutrition for preterm infants has resulted in a sea change in clinical practice over the last several years. Infants born prematurely miss out on an important period of in-utero protein accretion. Multiple etiologies for growth failure in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) have been recognized and one of them is the lack of early administration of intravenous amino acids. 1 Evidence suggested this influences growth and long term developmental outcomes. 2,3 Most infants between 24 and 29 weeks gestation do not achieve the median birth weight of the reference fetus of the same gestation at the time of discharge. 4 For these preterm infants to match an intrauterine rate of growth, it has been postulated that amino acid infusion rates as high as 4 g/k/day would be required. 5 Amino acid supplementation at 3 g/k/day, soon after birth, results in a significant decrease in the number of infants falling below the 10 th percentile for weight at 36 weeks corrected gestation and shortens time to full enteral feeds. 6 This may be responsible for improved weight gain. Early introduction of amino acids with an increase up to a maximum of 3.5 to 4 g/k/day did not result in a higher incidence of adverse effects like hepatic or renal dysfunction. 7,8 Despite this, fears remain about the ability of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants to cope with high doses of amino acids. Kansas Journal of Medicine 2011 Increased Amino Acid Intake 32 Increased blood amino acid levels have been reported using 3.5 g/k/day when compared to 2.5 g/k/day, without the much desired improvement in weight gain. 9 So, does an increased blood amino acid level imply toxicity? Amino acid infusions of 3 g/k/day in neonates weighing less than 1300 grams resulted in blood profiles of amino acids that were equal to or less than those seen in 2 nd and 3 rd trimester fetuses sampled by cordocentesis. 10 This is supported by an earlier observation that enteral intakes approximating 3.2 to 3.5 g/k/day more closely mimicked intrauterine estimations for nitrogen retention. 11 Thus, amino acids at these doses are likely to be tolerated physiologically. Historically, amino acids were introduced cautiously by increasing the dose gradually over several days. An evidencebased change in practice was made to administer a higher dose of amino acid at an earlier time in the first week. This change presented an opportunity to compare these two distinct periods for weight gain and the incidence of adverse events like hepatic and renal dysfunction. We hypothesized that this newer practice had resulted in an increased administration of amino acids, better weight gain, and minimal or no adverse effects. This investigation sought to replicate the findings of previous smaller studies with a larger population size. 7 Methods The phase I practice was to introduce intravenous amino acids at 0.5 g/k/day on day 1 and increase by 0.5 g/k/day up to a maximum of 2.5 g/k/day. The phase II practice was to start on day 0 with 2 g/k/day and increase to 3 g/k/day once the total intake reaches 100 ml/k/day. Beyond the first week, infants were advanced based upon individualized decision making to a maximum of 3.5 g/k/day in their total parenteral nutrition (TPN). There is an inherent high degree of variability in protein administration. Infants in phase II are started at 2 g/k/d and only increased to 3 g/k/d when the fluid intake is increased to 100 ml/k/d. This increase in fluids is dependent on the infant’s cardiovascular and respiratory status, hence is variable. Consequently, the “desired protein intake at 7 days” is not a set amount but the most the individual infant is clinically able to tolerate. The study aim was to compare the two groups retrospectively with a convenience sample. Infants between the gestational ages of 23 and 33 weeks with birth weights between 501g and 1500g were selected. Infants who were small for gestational age, had congenital anomalies, died, or were transferred acutely were excluded. The two groups were case matched 1:1 based on same week of gestation at birth and within 50g birth weight (see subject selection in Figure 1). The groups were compared for differences in weight gain, days of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) usage, and laboratory evidence of renal and hepatic dysfunction. Laboratory levels more than three times in excess of the upper reference range were considered clinically relevant. The incidence of complications like feed intolerance and bowel perforation were compared between the two groups. This study received approval from two local Institutional Review Boards. Data analysis. Comparisons were made between the demographic characteristics of phase I and phase II subjects to establish similarity. Total protein doses at day 7 and day 28, duration of enteral feeding, total days of TPN, and weight gain at 28 days were compared between the two groups. The rates of adverse effects, namely hepatic and renal dysfunction, as well as feeding intolerance and bowel perforation also were compared. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 17.0 was used for Kansas Journal of Medicine 2011 Increased Amino Acid Intake 33 Figure 1. Characteristics of subject selection. Abbreviations: BW birth weight, GA gestational age, SGA small for gestational age. data analysis. Categorical comparisons were made using the chi square test and continuous comparisons by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. A p value of less than 0.05 was used to indicate statistical significance. Results Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the study sample. There were no significant differences between the two phases of clinical practice in gestational age, birth weight, gender, multiple gestation, and ethnicity. The duration of intravenous nutrition was significantly less in phase II (16 days vs 18 days, p = 0.001; see Table 2). The dose of amino acids received in phase II was significantly higher in the first 7 days (16 g/k vs 12.8 g/k, p < 0.001). However, when measured at 28 days, there was no significant difference. As shown in Table 3, there was no significant increase in the incidence of feeding intolerance (20 vs 13, p = 0.201) or bowel perforation (0 vs 2, p = 0.499) in phase II. An increase in BUN was noted on day 1 in phase II (18 mg/dl vs 14 mg/dl, p < 0.001; see Table 3). Clinically irrelevant but statistically significant increases were noted in the day 7 BUN (19 mg/dl vs 18 mg/dl, p = 0.022) and creatinine (0.8 mg/dl vs 0.7 mg/dl, p < 0.001) in phase I. No significant differences in BUN or creatinine levels were noted at day 28. There were no significant differences in serum bilirubin, AST, ALP and GGT between the two groups at day 1, day 7, or day 28. There was no increase in the average weight gain noted at 28 days in phase II (15 g/k/day vs 13 g/k/day, p = 0.282). Kansas Journal of Medicine 2011 Increased Amino Acid Intake 34 Table 1. Demographics characteristics.*


Introduction
Considerable research in the area of nutrition for preterm infants has resulted in a sea change in clinical practice over the last several years.Infants born prematurely miss out on an important period of in-utero protein accretion.Multiple etiologies for growth failure in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) have been recognized and one of them is the lack of early administration of intravenous amino acids. 1 Evidence suggested this influences growth and long term developmental outcomes. 2,3ost infants between 24 and 29 weeks gestation do not achieve the median birth weight of the reference fetus of the same gestation at the time of discharge. 4For these preterm infants to match an intrauterine rate of growth, it has been postulated that amino acid infusion rates as high as 4 g/k/day would be required. 5Amino acid supplementation at 3 g/k/day, soon after birth, results in a significant decrease in the number of infants falling below the 10 th percentile for weight at 36 weeks corrected gestation and shortens time to full enteral feeds. 6This may be responsible for improved weight gain.
Early introduction of amino acids with an increase up to a maximum of 3.5 to 4 g/k/day did not result in a higher incidence of adverse effects like hepatic or renal dysfunction. 7,8Despite this, fears remain about the ability of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants to cope with high doses of amino acids.
Increased blood amino acid levels have been reported using 3.5 g/k/day when compared to 2.5 g/k/day, without the much desired improvement in weight gain. 9So, does an increased blood amino acid level imply toxicity?Amino acid infusions of 3 g/k/day in neonates weighing less than 1300 grams resulted in blood profiles of amino acids that were equal to or less than those seen in 2 nd and 3 rd trimester fetuses sampled by cordocentesis. 10 This is supported by an earlier observation that enteral intakes approximating 3.2 to 3.5 g/k/day more closely mimicked intrauterine estimations for nitrogen retention. 11Thus, amino acids at these doses are likely to be tolerated physiologically.
Historically, amino acids were introduced cautiously by increasing the dose gradually over several days.An evidencebased change in practice was made to administer a higher dose of amino acid at an earlier time in the first week.This change presented an opportunity to compare these two distinct periods for weight gain and the incidence of adverse events like hepatic and renal dysfunction.We hypothesized that this newer practice had resulted in an increased administration of amino acids, better weight gain, and minimal or no adverse effects.This investigation sought to replicate the findings of previous smaller studies with a larger population size. 7

Methods
The phase I practice was to introduce intravenous amino acids at 0.5 g/k/day on day 1 and increase by 0.5 g/k/day up to a maximum of 2.5 g/k/day.The phase II practice was to start on day 0 with 2 g/k/day and increase to 3 g/k/day once the total intake reaches 100 ml/k/day.Beyond the first week, infants were advanced based upon individualized decision making to a maximum of 3.5 g/k/day in their total parenteral nutrition (TPN).
There is an inherent high degree of variability in protein administration.Infants in phase II are started at 2 g/k/d and only increased to 3 g/k/d when the fluid intake is increased to 100 ml/k/d.This increase in fluids is dependent on the infant's cardiovascular and respiratory status, hence is variable.Consequently, the "desired protein intake at 7 days" is not a set amount but the most the individual infant is clinically able to tolerate.
The study aim was to compare the two groups retrospectively with a convenience sample.Infants between the gestational ages of 23 and 33 weeks with birth weights between 501g and 1500g were selected.Infants who were small for gestational age, had congenital anomalies, died, or were transferred acutely were excluded.
The two groups were case matched 1:1 based on same week of gestation at birth and within 50g birth weight (see subject selection in Figure 1).The groups were compared for differences in weight gain, days of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) usage, and laboratory evidence of renal and hepatic dysfunction.Laboratory levels more than three times in excess of the upper reference range were considered clinically relevant.The incidence of complications like feed intolerance and bowel perforation were compared between the two groups.This study received approval from two local Institutional Review Boards.
Data analysis.Comparisons were made between the demographic characteristics of phase I and phase II subjects to establish similarity.Total protein doses at day 7 and day 28, duration of enteral feeding, total days of TPN, and weight gain at 28 days were compared between the two groups.The rates of adverse effects, namely hepatic and renal dysfunction, as well as feeding intolerance and bowel perforation also were compared.The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 17.0 was used for

Results
Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the study sample.There were no significant differences between the two phases of clinical practice in gestational age, birth weight, gender, multiple gestation, and ethnicity.The duration of intravenous nutrition was significantly less in phase II (16 days vs 18 days, p = 0.001; see Table 2).The dose of amino acids received in phase II was significantly higher in the first 7 days (16 g/k vs 12.8 g/k, p < 0.001).However, when measured at 28 days, there was no significant difference.
As shown in Table 3, there was no significant increase in the incidence of feeding intolerance (20 vs 13, p = 0.201) or bowel perforation (0 vs 2, p = 0.499) in phase II.An increase in BUN was noted on day 1 in phase II (18 mg/dl vs 14 mg/dl, p < 0.001; see Table 3).Clinically irrelevant but statistically significant increases were noted in the day 7 BUN (19 mg/dl vs 18 mg/dl, p = 0.022) and creatinine (0.8 mg/dl vs 0.7 mg/dl, p < 0.001) in phase I.No significant differences in BUN or creatinine levels were noted at day 28.There were no significant differences in serum bilirubin, AST, ALP and GGT between the two groups at day 1, day 7, or day 28.There was no increase in the average weight gain noted at 28 days in phase II (15 g/k/day vs 13 g/k/day, p = 0.282).

Discussion
The change in protocol was associated with an increase in the total dose of protein administered by day 7 and a more rapid transition to enteral feedings resulting in a shorter duration of TPN use.Enteral intake reduces the protein intake given that Neosure (22 Kcal/ oz) at 150 ml/k/day yields 3 g/k/day of protein.Hence, improved enteral tolerance resulted in an earlier transition to enteral feeds and resulted in a lower total dose of protein at day 28.
As with a previous study, no hepatic dysfunction was noted. 7No detrimental effects in the form of an increase in the incidence of feeding intolerance, bowel perforation, or renal dysfunction were noted.Contrary to our hypothesis, no clear advantage in terms of absolute weight gain was noted.This was consistent with one previous study. 9In our study, infants were not followed to dismissal given the high transfer rate out of the practice to other sites A limitation of this study was its retrospective design and the inherent possibility of failure to capture elements of care which might be recognized as influential.In both phases, the total dose of amino acids administered at times exceeded the maximum amount dictated by the protocol.The total dose was left to the individual clinician's discretion.Another such clinical decision was the timing of transition from intravenous to enteral nutrition.These factors might have contributed to some variability in the data.

Conclusion
Given that no unfavorable outcomes were demonstrated with the increased amino acid regimen, VLBW infants may be able to tolerate, and benefit from, even higher doses of amino acids in the first month after birth.

Table 2 .
Differences between Phase I and Phase II.*

Table 3 .
Adverse effects and laboratory results.*Wilcoxon signed rank test, Χ 2 = Chi square test and other care providers.