The evolutionary ecology of interactive synchronism: The illusion of the optimal phenotype
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1515/eje-2017-0018Keywords:
Phenotypic selection, evolution of interactions, evolutionary strategies, life history evolution, optimal phenotypeAbstract
In this article, we discuss some ecological-evolutionary strategies that allow synchronization of organisms, resources, and conditions. Survival and reproduction require synchronization of life cycles of organisms with favourable environmental and ecological features and conditions. This interactive synchronization can occur directly, through pairwise or diffuse co-evolution, or indirectly, for example, as a result of actions of ecosystem engineers and facilitator species. Observations of specific interactions, especially those which have coevolved, may give the false impression that evolution results in optimal genotypes or phenotypes. However, some phenotypes may arise under evolutionary constraints, such as simultaneous evolution of multiple traits, lack of a chain of fit transitional forms leading to an optimal phenotype, or by limits inherent in the process of selection, set by the number of selective deaths and by interference between linked variants. Although there are no optimal phenotypes, optimization models applied to particular species may be useful for a better understanding of the nature of adaptations. The evolution of adaptive strategies results in variable life histories. These strategies can minimize adverse impacts on the fitness of extreme or severe environmental conditions on survival and reproduction, and may include reproductive strategies such as semelparity and iteroparity, or morphological, physiological, or behavioural traits such as diapause, seasonal polyphenism, migration, or bet-hedging. However, natural selection cannot indefinitely maintain intra-population variation, and lack of variation can ultimately extinguish populations.
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change and evolution: disentangling environmental and genetic
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Epigenetics, Medicine, and Evolution. Sinauer Associates
Inc.: Sunderland, MA.
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Morphology, Supplement, 1, 161-179.
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specialization: plasticity and fitness across habitats in a specialist/
generalist species pair. Ecology and Evolution, 2, 778–791.
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252, In: Losos J.B., Baum D.A., Futuyma D.J., Hoekstra H.E., Lenski
R.E., Moore A.J., Peichel C.L., Schluter D. & Whitlock MC, eds.
The Princeton Guide to Evolution. Princeton: Princeton University
Press.
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biology. Annual Review of Entomology, 44, 535-60.
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story? Journal of. Evolutionary Biology, 11, 243-260.
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Journal of Biological Engineering, 7, 1-7.
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of organisms as ecosystem engineers. Ecology, 78, 1946-
1957.
Judd, W.S. (2008) Plant Systematics: A phylogenetic approach. Sunderland,
Mass: Sinauer Associates.
Koenig, W.D., Walters, E.L. & Haydock, J. (2011) Variable helper effects,
ecological conditions, and the evolution of cooperative breeding
in the acorn woodpecker. American Naturalist, 178, 145–158.
Laland, K., Odling-Smee, J. & Endler, J. (2017) Niche construction,
sources of selection and trait coevolution. Interface Focus 7(5),
20160147.
Landi, P., Hui, C. & Dieckmann, U. (2015) Fisheries-induced disruptive
selection. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 365, 204-216.
Łomnicki, A. & Sedziwy, S. (1989) Do individual differences in resource
intakes without monopolization cause population stability and
persistence? Journal of Theoretical Biology, 136, 317-326.
MacArthur, R. & Levins, R. (1967) The limiting similarity, convergence,
and divergence of coexisting species. American Naturalist, 101,
377-385.
Martins, R.P. (1993) The Biology of Editha magnifica (Perty 1834) (Hymenoptera,
Sphecidae). Tropical Zoology, 6(1), 109-123.
Martins, R.P. & Barbeitos, M.S. (2000) Adaptações de insetos a mudanças
no ambiente: ecologia e evolução da diapausa. Pp 149-191,
In: Martins, R.P., Barbeitos, M.S. & Lewinsohn, T.M. Ecologia e
comportamento de Insetos. Oecologia Brasiliensis, 3, 149-191.
Martins, R.P., Barbeitos, M.S. & Guerra, S.T.M. (2001) Variability in eggto-
adult development time in the bee Ptilothrix plumata and its
parasitoids. Ecological Entomology, 26, 609-616.
Martins, S.C.S., Santaela, S.T., Martins, C.M. & Martins, R.P. (2016) Facilitation
as attenuating of environmental stress among structured
microbial populations. Scientific World Journal, 2016, 1-9.
Maynard Smith, J. & Price, G.R. (1973) The logic of animal conflict. Nature,
246, 15-18.
Mayr, E. (1954) Change of genetic environment and evolution, pp. 157-
180, In: Huxley, J., Hardy, A.C. and Ford E.B. eds. Evolution as a
Process, Allen & Unwin, London.
Mayr, E. (1992) The idea of teleology. The idea of teleology. Journal of
the History of Ideas, 53, 117-135.
Merilä, J. & Hendry, A.P. (2014) Climate change, adaptation, and phenotypic
plasticity: the problem and the evidence. Evolutionary
Applications, 7, 1-14.
Murren, C.J., Auld, J.Jn.R., Callahan, H., Ghalambor, C.K., Handelsman,
C.A., Heskel, M. A., Kingsolver, J.G., Maclean, H.J., Masel, J.,
Maughan, H., Pfennig, D.W., Relyea, R.A., Seiter, S., Snell-Rood,
E., Steiner, U.K. & Schlichting, C.D. (2015) Constraints on the
evolution of phenotypic plasticity: limits and costs of phenotype
and plasticity. Heredity, 115, 293-301.
Noble, D.W.A., Stenhouse, V. & Schwamz, L.E. (2017) Developmental
temperatures and phenotypic plasticity in reptiles: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. Biological Review of Cambridge Biology
Society, 2017, 1-26.
Norden, B. & Appelqvist, T. (2001) Conceptual problems of Ecological
Continuity and its bioindicators. Biodiversity and Conservation,
10, 779-791.
Ost, M. & Steele, B.B. (2010) Age-specific nest-site preference and success
in eiders. Oecologia, 162, 59-69.
Pardini, M.I.M.C. & Guimarães, R.C. (1992) A systemic concept of the
gene. Brazilian Journal of Genetics, 15, 713-721.
Parker, G.A. & Maynard Smith, J. (1990) Optimality theory in evolutionary
biology. Nature, 348, 27-33.
Pierce, G.J. & Ollason, J.G. (1987). Eight reasons why the optimal foraging
theory is a complete waste of time. Oikos, 49, 111-117.
Pigliucci, M. (2006) Genetic variance–covariance matrices: a critique of
the evolutionary quantitative genetics research program. Biology
and Philosophy, 21, 1-23.
Pigliucci, M., Murren, C.J. & Schlichting C.D. (2006) Phenotypic plasticity
and evolution by genetic assimilation. Journal of Experimental
Biology, 209, 2362-2367.
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Copyright (c) 2017 Rogerio P Martins, rosana tidon, Jose Alexandre F Diniz-Filho
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How to Cite
Martins, R. P., tidon, rosana, & Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. (2017). The evolutionary ecology of interactive synchronism: The illusion of the optimal phenotype. European Journal of Ecology, 3(2), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1515/eje-2017-0018
