Non-native Amphibian Pet Trade via Internet in Poland
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2478/eje-2018-0004Keywords:
central Europe, chytrid fungus, CITES, exotic amphibians, species, wildlife tradeAbstract
Overharvesting and trade in amphibian populations is one of the causes of their global decline. Online trade not only encourages the exploitation of an increasing number of rare and endangered amphibian species from all over the world but also influences the spread of invasive species. The aim of our research was to investigate the amphibian pet trade conducted in online stores and portals in Poland and determine its potential impact on native species. Between November 2013 and October 2014, we regularly (on a monthly basis) checked sale offers on the websites of the 18 biggest pet shops in the country specialised in exotic animals, on a nationwide auction portal and on three exotic pet fan portals. During the study, we reported 486 offers of 112 amphibian species in online stores and on portals. Most of the offers involved one of the four families of amphibians: poison dart frogs (Dendrobatidae), tree frogs (Hylidae), true toads (Bufonidae) and true salamanders (Salamandridae). Our data show increased interest in amphibians as pets in Poland. At least half of the offered species are possible hosts for the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. However, only one species, the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802), appears to be a potential invasive species. To summarise, the species offered in Poland that are characterised as threatened are predominantly those that are relatively easy to breed and that are popular as pets. Further studies are required to investigate the real threat to wild amphibian populations caused by the pet trade.
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and the role of the European market. Biological Conservation,
204, 103−119.DOI10.1016/j.biocon.2016.05.017.
Auliya, M., García-Moreno, J., Schmidt, B.R., Schmeller, D.S., Hoogmoed,
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trade flows through Europe: the need for enforcing and
improving legislation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 25(13),
2581−2595. DOI10.1007/s10531-016-1193-8.
Baláž, V., Vojar, J., Civiš, P., Šandera, M. & Rozínek, R. (2014) Chytridiomycosis
risk among Central European amphibians based on
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DOI 10.3354/dao02799.
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Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in wild and captive amphibians
in the Czech Republic. Salamandra, 54, 87–91.
Bergin, D., Atoussi, S. & Waters, S.(2018)Online trade of Barbary macaques
Macaca sylvanus in Algeria and Morocco. Biodiversity
and Conservation, 27(2), 531–534. DOI 10.1007/s10531-017-
1434-5.
Broad, S., Mulliken, T. & Roe, D. (2003) The nature and extent of legal
and illegal trade in wildlife. In: S. Oldfield, (Ed.), The Trade in
Wildlife (pp 3−22). London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.
Bush, E.R., Baker, S.E. & Macdonald, D.V. (2014) Global trade in exotic
pets 2006–2012. Conservation Biology, 28, 663−676. DOI
10.1111/cobi.12240.
Carpenter, A.I., Andreone, F., Moore, R.D. & Griffiths, R.A. (2014) A review
of the international trade in amphibians: the types, levels
and dynamics of trade in CITES-listed species. Oryx, 48, 565−574.
DOI 10.1017/S0030605312001627.
Challender, D.W., Harrop, S.R., & MacMillan, D.C. (2015) Understanding
markets to conserve trade-threatened species in CITES.
Biological Conservation, 187, 249−259. DOI 10.1016/j.biocon.
2015.04.015.
European Environment Agency (2012) The impacts of invasive alien species
in Europe. EEA Technical Report No 16/2012, Copenhagen.
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trade. Journal of international economics, 62(1), 171–189.
DOI 10.1016/S0022-1996(03)00059-X.
Frost, D.R. (2014) Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference.
Version 6.0. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.
amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. New York:
American Museum of Natural History.
Fisher, M.C. & Garner, T.W.J. (2007) The relationship between the emergence
of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the international
trade in amphibians and introduced amphibian species. Fungal
Biology Reviews, 21(1), 2–9. DOI 10.1016/j.fbr.2007.02.002.
Gerson, H. (2012) International trade in amphibians: a customs perspective.
Alytes, 29, 103−115.
Gorzula, S. (1996) The trade in Dendrobatid frogs from 1987 to 1993.
Herpetological Review, 27, 116−123.
Havlíková, B., Baláž, V. & Vojar, J. (2015) First systematic monitoring of
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in collections of captive amphibians
in the Czech Republic. Amphibia-Reptilia, 36(1), 27–35.
DOI 10.1163/15685381-00002972.
Harris, R.B., Cooney, R. & Leader-Williams, N. (2013) Application of anthropogenic
Allee effect model on trophy hunting as a conservation
tool. Conservation Biology, 27(5), 945−951. DOI 10.1111/
cobi.12115.
Harrison, J.R., Roberts, D.L. & Hernandez-Castro, J. (2016) Assessing the
extent and nature of wildlife trade on the dark web. Conservation
Biology, 30(4), 900–904. DOI10.1111/cobi.12707.
Herrel, A., & van der Meijden, A. (2014) An analysis of the live reptile
and amphibian trade in the USA compared to the global
trade in endangered species. The Herpetological Journal, 24(2),
103−110.
Kepel, A., Grebieniow, A., & Kala, B. (2004) Ginące gatunki w sieci. Nielegalny
handel zwierzętami w polskim Internecie. Raport 2004.
Poznań: PTOP Salamandra, (in Polish).
Kepel, A., Kala, B., & Graclik, A. (2009) Ginące gatunki w sieci. Handel
okazami zwierząt zagrożonych wyginięciem w polskojęzycznych
stronach internetowych. Raport 2009. Poznań: PTOP Salamandra,
(in Polish).
Kolenda, K., Najbar, A., Ogielska, M., & Baláž, V. (2017) Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis is present in Poland and associated with
reduced fitness in wild populations of Pelophylax lessonae.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 124(3), 241–245. DOI 10.3354/
dao03121.
Kopecký, O., Patoka, J. & Kalous, L. (2016) Establishment risk and potential
invasiveness of the selected exotic amphibians from pet
trade in the European Union. Journal for Nature Conservation,
31, 22–28. DOI 10.1016/j.jnc.2016.02.007.
Lavorgna, A. (2015) The social organization of pet trafficking in cyberspace.
European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 21(3),
353–370. DOI 10.1007/s10610-015-9273-y.
Magalhães, A.L.B. & São-Pedro, V.S. (2012) Illegal trade on non-native
amphibians and reptiles in southeast Brazil: The status of e-commerce.
Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology, 11(2), 155−160.
DOI 10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v11i2p155-160.
Martel, A., Blooi M., Adriaensen, C., Van Rooij, P., Beukema, W., Fisher,
et al. (2014) Recent introduction of a chytrid fungus endangers
Western Palearctic salamanders. Science, 346(6209), 630−631.
DOI 10.1126/science.1258268.
Measey, G.J., Rödder, D., Green, S.L., Kobayashi, R., Lillo, F., Lobos, G., et
al. (2012) Ongoing invasions of the African Clawed Frog: Xenopus
laevis: A global review. Biological Invasions, 14(11), 2255–
2270. DOI 10.1007/s10530-012-0227-8.
Measey, J. (2017) Where do African clawed frogs come from? An analysis
of trade in live Xenopus laevis imported into the USA. Salamandra,
53(3), 398–404.
Mobaraki, A., Mohsen Amiri, M., Alvandi, R.,Tehrani M.E., Kia, H.Z.,
Khoshnamvand, et al. (2013) A conservation reassessment of the
Critically Endangered, Lorestan newt Neurergus kaiseri (Schmidt
1952) in Iran. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 9(1), 16–25.
Mori, E., Grandi, G., Menchetti, M., Tella, J.L., Jackson, H.A., Reino, L.,
van Kleunen, A. et al. (2017) Worldwide distribution of non–native
Amazon parrots and temporal trends of their global trade.
Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 40(1), 49–62.
Mutschmann, F., Berger, L., Zwart, P. & Gaedicke, C. (2000) Chytridiomycosis
on amphibians - first report from Europe. Berliner und
Münchener tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 113(10), 380−383.
Nguyen, T.T., Van Nguyen, T., Ziegler, T., Pasmans, F. & Martel, A. (2017)
Trade in wild anurans vectors the urodelan pathogen Batrachochytrium
salamandrivorans into Europe. Amphibia-Reptilia,
38(4), 554–556. DOI 10.1163/15685381-00003125.
Nijman, V. & Shepherd, C.R. (2010) The Role of Asia in the global trade
in CITES II-listed poison arrow frogs: Hopping from Kazakhstan to Lebanon to Thailand and beyond. Biodiversity and Conservation,
19(7), 1963–1970. DOI 10.1007/s10531-010-9814-0.
Nijman, V., & Shepherd, C.R. (2011) The role of Thailand in the international
trade in CITES-listed live reptiles and amphibians. PLoS
ONE, 6(3), e17825. DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0017825.
Ohst, T., Gräser, Y., & Plötner, J. (2013) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
in Germany: distribution, prevalences, and prediction of high
risk areas. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 107(1), 49–59. DOI
10.3354/dao02662.
Olson, D.H., Aanensen, D.M., Ronnenberg, K.L., Powell, C.I., Walker, S.F.,
Bielby, J., et al. (2013) Mapping the global emergence of Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis, the amphibian chytrid fungus. PLoS
ONE, 8(2), e56802. DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0056802.
Picco, A.M. & Collins, J.P. (2008) Amphibian commerce as a likely source
of pathogen pollution. Conservation Biology, 22(6), 1582–1589.
DOI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01025.x.
Pistoni, J.& Toledo, L.F. (2010) Amphibian illegal trade in Brazil: what do
we know? South American Journal of Herpetology 5(1), 51−56.
DOI 10.2994/057.005.0106.
Prestridge, H.L., Fitzegerald, L.A. & Hibbits, T.J. (2011) Trade in nonnative
amphibian and reptiles in Texas: Lessons for better monitoring
and implications for species introduction. Herpetological
Conservation and Biology, 6(3), 324−339.
Robinson, J.E., Griffiths, R.A., St. John, F.A.V. & Roberts, D.L. (2015)
Dynamics of the global trade in live reptiles: Shifting trends in
production and consequences for sustainability. Biological Conservation,
184, 42−50. DOI 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.12.019.
Rowley, J.L.J., Shepherd, C.R., Stuart, B.L., Nguyen, T.Q., Hoang, H.D.,
Cutajar, T.P., et al. (2016) Estimating the global trade in Southeast
Asian newts. Biological Conservation, 199, 96−100. DOI
10.1016/j.biocon.2016.05.001.
Rozporządzenie (2011) Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 9
września 2011 r. w sprawie listy roślin i zwierząt gatunków obcych,
które w przypadku uwolnienia do środowiska przyrodniczego
mogą zagrozić gatunkom rodzimym lub siedliskom przyrodniczym,
(Dz. U. 2011 nr 2010 poz. 1260, (in Polish)
Ruland, F. & Jeschke, J.M. (2016) Threat-dependent traits of endangered
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Copyright (c) 2018 Mikołaj Kaczmarski, Krzysztof Kolenda
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How to Cite
Kaczmarski, M., & Kolenda, K. (2018). Non-native Amphibian Pet Trade via Internet in Poland. European Journal of Ecology, 4(1), 30-40. https://doi.org/10.2478/eje-2018-0004
