Organic amendment increases arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity in primary coastal dunes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1515/eje-2016-0011Keywords:
Glomeromycota spores, Interrupted-belt transcect, Ischaemum Indicum, Simpson's diversity, Vermicompost amendment, West coast indiaAbstract
Plastic pots were inserted beneath seedlings of a shallow-rooted C4 grass species, Ischaemum indicum, with and without a root-impenetrable nylon sachet filled with organic matter (OM) amendment, at seven stations along an interrupted belt transect in which plant community and soil chemistry had been previously surveyed. The transect was perpendicular to mean high-water mark (MH-WM) across a primary coastal dune system in Goa, India, where summer monsoon is the predominant weather feature. The Quadrat survey of plant frequency was made in stations when the above-ground biomass was estimated to be highest. Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungal (AMF) spore density and diversity were determined morphologically in amended and control pots soils, and in OM sachet residues, after host-plant desiccation when monsoon rains had ceased. Twenty-seven AM fungal spore morphotypes were isolated from the pots containing OM amended rhizosphere soils, 19 from controls and 14 from OM residues in the sachets. Gigaspora margarita proved to be the dominant spore in all treatments. Eight morphotypes recovered from amended pots were not recovered from the controls. There was an increasing trend in species diversity in amended pots away from MH-WM. Spore recovery from the three regimes showed variable distribution that indicated differing AMF species strategies.
References
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(2012) Long-term effects of soil nutrient deficiency on arbuscular
mycorrhiza communities. Funct. Ecol., 26, 532–540.
Arens, B., Geelen, L., Slings, R., Wonderegem, H. (2005) Restoration of
dune mobility in the Netherlands, in: Herrier, J.-L. et al. (Ed.) Proceedings
‘Dunes and Estuaries 2005’: International Conference
on nature restoration practices in European coastal habitats,
Koksijde, Belgium 19-23 September 2005. VLIZ Special Publication,
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Bever, J.D., Morton, J.B., Antonovics, J. & Schultz, P.A. (1996) Host-dependent
sporulation and species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi in a mown grassland. J. Ecol., 84, 71–82.
Bever, J.D., Schultz, P.A., Pringle, A. &Morton, J.B. (2001) Arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi: more diverse than meets the eye, and the
ecological tale of why. BioScience, 51, 923–931.
Brady, N.C. (1974) 8th edn. The Nature and Properties of Soils. New
York: MacMillan Publishing Co. Inc.
Bray, R.H. & Kurtz, L.T. (1945) Determination of total, organic and available
forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci., 59, 39–45.
Buwalda, J.G., Stribley, D.P. & Tinker, P.B. (1985)Effects of vesicular arbuscular
mycorrhizal infection in first, second and third cereal
crops. J. Ag. Sci., 105,631–647.
Camprubi, A., Calvet, C., Cabot, P., Pitet, M. & Estaún, V. (2010) Arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi associated with psammophilic vegetation
in Mediterranean coastal sand dunes. Spanish J. Ag. Res.,
8(S1), 96–102.
Cavagnaro, T.R., Smith, F.A., Smith, S.E. & Jakobsen, I. (2005) Functional
diversity in arbuscular mycorrhizas: exploitation of soil patches
with different phosphate enrichment differ among fungal species.
Plant, Cell & Environs., 28, 642–650.
Clapp, J.P., Young, J.P.W., Merryweather, J.W. & Fitter, A.H. (1995) Diversity
of fungal symbionts in arbuscular mycorrhizas from a natural
community. New Phytol., 130, 259–265.
Domínguez, J. & Edwards, C.A. (2004) Vermicomposting organic wastes:
a review. Soil zoology for sustainable development in the 21st
century. Cairo, 369–395.
Douds, D.D. & Schenck, N.C. (1990) Increased sporulation of vesiculararbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi by manipulation of nutrient regimens.
Appl. Environs. Microbiol., 56, 413–418.
Farrar, J., Hawes, M., Jones, D. & Lindow, S. (2003) How roots control
the flux of carbon to the rhizosphere. Ecology, 84, 827–837.
Fernandes, D.N. & Sanford, R.L. (1995) Effects of recent land-use practices
on soil nutrients and succession under tropical wet forest
in Costa Rica. Conserv. Biol., 9, 915–922.
Gerdemann, J.W. & Nicolson, T.H. (1963) Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone
species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting.
Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 46, 235–244.
Greig-Smith, P. (1983) 3rd edn. Quantitative Plant Ecology. Oxford;
Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Hanway, J.J. & Heidel, H. (1952) Soil analysis methods as used in Iowa
State College Soil Testing Laboratory. Iowa Ag., 57, 1–31.
Helgason, T., Fitter, A.H. & Young, J.P.W. (1999) Molecular diversity of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi colonizing Hyacinthoides non-scripta
(bluebell) in a seminatural woodland. Mol. Ecol., 8, 659–666.
Hodge, A., Helgason, T. & Fitter, A.H. (2010) Nutritional ecology of arbucular
mycorrhizal fungi. Fungal Ecol., 3, 27–273.
Johnson, N.C., Graham, J.H. & Smith, F.A. (1997) Functioning of mycorrhizal
associations along the mutualism – parasitism continuum.
New Phytol., 135, 575-585. DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-
8137.1997.00729.x
Karthikeyan, C. & Selvaraj, T. (2009) Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi (AMF) on the coastal saline soils of the west coast of
Kerala, Southern India. World J. Ag. Sci., 5, 803-809.
Kowalchuk, G.A., De Souza, F.A. & Van Veen, J.A. (2002) Community
analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Ammophila
arenaria in Dutch coastal sand dunes. Molecular Ecology,
11, 571-581. DOI: 10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01457.x
Maun, M.A. (2009) The Biology of Coastal Sand Dunes. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Morton, J.B. (1986) Three new species of Acaulospora (Endogenaceae)
from high aluminium, low pH soils in West Virginia. Mycologia
78, 641–648.
Morton, J.B. & Benny, B.L. (1990) Revised classification of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): a new order, Glomales, two
new suborders Glominae and Gigasporinae and two new families
Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae, with an emendation of
Glomaceae. Mycotaxon, 37, 471-491.
Morton, J. B. (2002). International Culture Collection of (Vesicular) Arbuscular
Mycorrhizal Fungi. West Virginia University.
Nierop, K.G.J. & Verstraten, J.M. (2003) Organic matter formation in
sandy subsurface horizons of Dutch coastal dunes in relation to
soil acidification. Organic Geochem., 34, 499–513.
Oehl, F., Sieverding, E., Ineichen, K., Mäder, P., Boller, T. & Wiemken, A.
(2003) Impact of land use intensity on the species diversity of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems of Central Europe.
Appl. Environs. Microbiol., 69, 2816–2824.
Picone, C. (2000) Diversity and abundance of arbuscular-mycorrhizal
fungus spores in tropical forest and pasture. Biotropica, 32,
734–750.
Porter, W.M., Robson, A.D. & Abbott, L.K. (1987) Field survey of the distribution
of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to
soil pH. J. Appl. Ecol., 24, 659–662.
Pringle, A. & Bever, J.D. (2002) Divergent phenologies may facilitate the
coexistence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a North Carolina
grassland. Am. J. Bot., 89, 1439–1446.
Provoost, S., Jones, M.L.M. & Edmondson, S.E. (2011) Changes in landscape
and vegetation of coastal dunes in northwest Europe: a
review. J. Coastal Conserv., 15, 207–226.
Ramos-Zapata, J.A., Zapata-Trujillo, R., Ortiz-Diaz, J.J. & Guadarrama, P.
(2011) Arbuscular mycorrhizas in a tropical coastal dune system
in Yucatan, Mexico. Fungal Ecol., 4, 256–261.
Rosendahl, S. & Stukenbrock, A.H. (2004) Community structure of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi in undisturbed vegetation revealed
by analyses of LSU rDNA sequences. Mol. Ecol., 13, 3179–3186.
Schenck, N.C. & Y. Pérez. 1990. 3rd edn. Manual for the Identification of
VA Mycorrhizal Fungi. Florida: Synergistic Publications.
Schüβler, A., & Walker, C. (2010). The Glomeromycota. A species list
with new families and new genera. The Royal Botanic Garden
Kew, Kew (available at www. amf-phlogeny. com).
Sieverding, E., & Oehl, F. (2005, June). Are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal
species invasive–derived from our knowledge about their distribution
in different ecosystems? BCPC Symposium Proceedings,
81, 197–202.
Singh, D., Chhonkar, P.K. & Dwivedi, B.S. (2005) Manual on Soil, Plant
and Water Analysis. Westville Publishing House.
Smith, S.E., Jakobsen, I., Grønlund, M. & Smith, F.A. (2011) Roles of arbuscular
mycorrhizas in plant phosphorus nutrition: interactions
between pathways of phosphorus uptake in arbuscular mycorrhizal
roots have important implications for understanding and
manipulating plant phosphorus acquisition. Plant Physiol., 156,
1050–1057.
Smith, S.E. & Read, D.J. (2008) 3rd edn. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. London:
Academic Press.
St. John, T.V., Coleman, D.C. & Reid, C.P.P. (1983) Association of vesicular-
arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae with soil organic matter particles.
Ecology, 64, 957–959.
Tao, L. & Zhiwei, Z. (2005) Arbuscular mycorrhizas in a hot and arid ecosystem
in southwest China. Appl. Soil Ecol., 29, 135–141.
Tipping, E., &Woof, C. (1990) Humic substances in acid organic soils:
modeling their release to the soil solution in terms of humic
charge. J. Soil Sci., 41, 573–586.
van der Ploeg, R.R., Böhm, W. & Kirkham, M.B. (1999) On the origin
of the theory of mineral nutrition of plants and the Law of the
minimum. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,63, 1055–1062.
Varkey, M.J. (2007) Science of Asian Monsoon. Goa, India: National Institute
of Oceanography (C.S.I.R.).
Walkley, A.J. & Black, I.A. (1934) An examination of the Degtjareff method
for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification
of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci., 37, 29–38.
Willis, A., Rodrigues, B.F. & Harris, P.J.C. (2013) The ecology of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 32, 1–20.
Willis, A., Harris, P.J.C., Rodrigues, B.F.& Sparks, T.H. (2016a, in press)
Primary sand-dune plant community and soil properties during
the West-Coast India monsoon. European Journal of Ecology.
Willis, A., Błaszkowski, J., Prabhu, T., Chwat, G., Góralska, A. Sashidhar,
B. et al. (2016b) Sacculospora felinovii, a novel arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungal species (Glomeromycota) from dunes on the
west coast of India. Mycol. Prog., 15, 791–798.
Yan, F., Schubert, S. & Mengel, K (1996) Soil pH increase due to biological
decarboxylation of organic ions. Soil Biol. Biochem., 28,
617–624.
(2012) Long-term effects of soil nutrient deficiency on arbuscular
mycorrhiza communities. Funct. Ecol., 26, 532–540.
Arens, B., Geelen, L., Slings, R., Wonderegem, H. (2005) Restoration of
dune mobility in the Netherlands, in: Herrier, J.-L. et al. (Ed.) Proceedings
‘Dunes and Estuaries 2005’: International Conference
on nature restoration practices in European coastal habitats,
Koksijde, Belgium 19-23 September 2005. VLIZ Special Publication,
19: pp. 129–138.
Barvah, T.C. & Barthakur, H.P. (1997) A Textbook of Soil Analysis. New
Delhi: Vikas Pub. Ltd.
Bever, J.D., Morton, J.B., Antonovics, J. & Schultz, P.A. (1996) Host-dependent
sporulation and species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi in a mown grassland. J. Ecol., 84, 71–82.
Bever, J.D., Schultz, P.A., Pringle, A. &Morton, J.B. (2001) Arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi: more diverse than meets the eye, and the
ecological tale of why. BioScience, 51, 923–931.
Brady, N.C. (1974) 8th edn. The Nature and Properties of Soils. New
York: MacMillan Publishing Co. Inc.
Bray, R.H. & Kurtz, L.T. (1945) Determination of total, organic and available
forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci., 59, 39–45.
Buwalda, J.G., Stribley, D.P. & Tinker, P.B. (1985)Effects of vesicular arbuscular
mycorrhizal infection in first, second and third cereal
crops. J. Ag. Sci., 105,631–647.
Camprubi, A., Calvet, C., Cabot, P., Pitet, M. & Estaún, V. (2010) Arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi associated with psammophilic vegetation
in Mediterranean coastal sand dunes. Spanish J. Ag. Res.,
8(S1), 96–102.
Cavagnaro, T.R., Smith, F.A., Smith, S.E. & Jakobsen, I. (2005) Functional
diversity in arbuscular mycorrhizas: exploitation of soil patches
with different phosphate enrichment differ among fungal species.
Plant, Cell & Environs., 28, 642–650.
Clapp, J.P., Young, J.P.W., Merryweather, J.W. & Fitter, A.H. (1995) Diversity
of fungal symbionts in arbuscular mycorrhizas from a natural
community. New Phytol., 130, 259–265.
Domínguez, J. & Edwards, C.A. (2004) Vermicomposting organic wastes:
a review. Soil zoology for sustainable development in the 21st
century. Cairo, 369–395.
Douds, D.D. & Schenck, N.C. (1990) Increased sporulation of vesiculararbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi by manipulation of nutrient regimens.
Appl. Environs. Microbiol., 56, 413–418.
Farrar, J., Hawes, M., Jones, D. & Lindow, S. (2003) How roots control
the flux of carbon to the rhizosphere. Ecology, 84, 827–837.
Fernandes, D.N. & Sanford, R.L. (1995) Effects of recent land-use practices
on soil nutrients and succession under tropical wet forest
in Costa Rica. Conserv. Biol., 9, 915–922.
Gerdemann, J.W. & Nicolson, T.H. (1963) Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone
species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting.
Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 46, 235–244.
Greig-Smith, P. (1983) 3rd edn. Quantitative Plant Ecology. Oxford;
Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Hanway, J.J. & Heidel, H. (1952) Soil analysis methods as used in Iowa
State College Soil Testing Laboratory. Iowa Ag., 57, 1–31.
Helgason, T., Fitter, A.H. & Young, J.P.W. (1999) Molecular diversity of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi colonizing Hyacinthoides non-scripta
(bluebell) in a seminatural woodland. Mol. Ecol., 8, 659–666.
Hodge, A., Helgason, T. & Fitter, A.H. (2010) Nutritional ecology of arbucular
mycorrhizal fungi. Fungal Ecol., 3, 27–273.
Johnson, N.C., Graham, J.H. & Smith, F.A. (1997) Functioning of mycorrhizal
associations along the mutualism – parasitism continuum.
New Phytol., 135, 575-585. DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-
8137.1997.00729.x
Karthikeyan, C. & Selvaraj, T. (2009) Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi (AMF) on the coastal saline soils of the west coast of
Kerala, Southern India. World J. Ag. Sci., 5, 803-809.
Kowalchuk, G.A., De Souza, F.A. & Van Veen, J.A. (2002) Community
analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Ammophila
arenaria in Dutch coastal sand dunes. Molecular Ecology,
11, 571-581. DOI: 10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01457.x
Maun, M.A. (2009) The Biology of Coastal Sand Dunes. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Morton, J.B. (1986) Three new species of Acaulospora (Endogenaceae)
from high aluminium, low pH soils in West Virginia. Mycologia
78, 641–648.
Morton, J.B. & Benny, B.L. (1990) Revised classification of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): a new order, Glomales, two
new suborders Glominae and Gigasporinae and two new families
Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae, with an emendation of
Glomaceae. Mycotaxon, 37, 471-491.
Morton, J. B. (2002). International Culture Collection of (Vesicular) Arbuscular
Mycorrhizal Fungi. West Virginia University.
Nierop, K.G.J. & Verstraten, J.M. (2003) Organic matter formation in
sandy subsurface horizons of Dutch coastal dunes in relation to
soil acidification. Organic Geochem., 34, 499–513.
Oehl, F., Sieverding, E., Ineichen, K., Mäder, P., Boller, T. & Wiemken, A.
(2003) Impact of land use intensity on the species diversity of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems of Central Europe.
Appl. Environs. Microbiol., 69, 2816–2824.
Picone, C. (2000) Diversity and abundance of arbuscular-mycorrhizal
fungus spores in tropical forest and pasture. Biotropica, 32,
734–750.
Porter, W.M., Robson, A.D. & Abbott, L.K. (1987) Field survey of the distribution
of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to
soil pH. J. Appl. Ecol., 24, 659–662.
Pringle, A. & Bever, J.D. (2002) Divergent phenologies may facilitate the
coexistence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a North Carolina
grassland. Am. J. Bot., 89, 1439–1446.
Provoost, S., Jones, M.L.M. & Edmondson, S.E. (2011) Changes in landscape
and vegetation of coastal dunes in northwest Europe: a
review. J. Coastal Conserv., 15, 207–226.
Ramos-Zapata, J.A., Zapata-Trujillo, R., Ortiz-Diaz, J.J. & Guadarrama, P.
(2011) Arbuscular mycorrhizas in a tropical coastal dune system
in Yucatan, Mexico. Fungal Ecol., 4, 256–261.
Rosendahl, S. & Stukenbrock, A.H. (2004) Community structure of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi in undisturbed vegetation revealed
by analyses of LSU rDNA sequences. Mol. Ecol., 13, 3179–3186.
Schenck, N.C. & Y. Pérez. 1990. 3rd edn. Manual for the Identification of
VA Mycorrhizal Fungi. Florida: Synergistic Publications.
Schüβler, A., & Walker, C. (2010). The Glomeromycota. A species list
with new families and new genera. The Royal Botanic Garden
Kew, Kew (available at www. amf-phlogeny. com).
Sieverding, E., & Oehl, F. (2005, June). Are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal
species invasive–derived from our knowledge about their distribution
in different ecosystems? BCPC Symposium Proceedings,
81, 197–202.
Singh, D., Chhonkar, P.K. & Dwivedi, B.S. (2005) Manual on Soil, Plant
and Water Analysis. Westville Publishing House.
Smith, S.E., Jakobsen, I., Grønlund, M. & Smith, F.A. (2011) Roles of arbuscular
mycorrhizas in plant phosphorus nutrition: interactions
between pathways of phosphorus uptake in arbuscular mycorrhizal
roots have important implications for understanding and
manipulating plant phosphorus acquisition. Plant Physiol., 156,
1050–1057.
Smith, S.E. & Read, D.J. (2008) 3rd edn. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. London:
Academic Press.
St. John, T.V., Coleman, D.C. & Reid, C.P.P. (1983) Association of vesicular-
arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae with soil organic matter particles.
Ecology, 64, 957–959.
Tao, L. & Zhiwei, Z. (2005) Arbuscular mycorrhizas in a hot and arid ecosystem
in southwest China. Appl. Soil Ecol., 29, 135–141.
Tipping, E., &Woof, C. (1990) Humic substances in acid organic soils:
modeling their release to the soil solution in terms of humic
charge. J. Soil Sci., 41, 573–586.
van der Ploeg, R.R., Böhm, W. & Kirkham, M.B. (1999) On the origin
of the theory of mineral nutrition of plants and the Law of the
minimum. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,63, 1055–1062.
Varkey, M.J. (2007) Science of Asian Monsoon. Goa, India: National Institute
of Oceanography (C.S.I.R.).
Walkley, A.J. & Black, I.A. (1934) An examination of the Degtjareff method
for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification
of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci., 37, 29–38.
Willis, A., Rodrigues, B.F. & Harris, P.J.C. (2013) The ecology of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 32, 1–20.
Willis, A., Harris, P.J.C., Rodrigues, B.F.& Sparks, T.H. (2016a, in press)
Primary sand-dune plant community and soil properties during
the West-Coast India monsoon. European Journal of Ecology.
Willis, A., Błaszkowski, J., Prabhu, T., Chwat, G., Góralska, A. Sashidhar,
B. et al. (2016b) Sacculospora felinovii, a novel arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungal species (Glomeromycota) from dunes on the
west coast of India. Mycol. Prog., 15, 791–798.
Yan, F., Schubert, S. & Mengel, K (1996) Soil pH increase due to biological
decarboxylation of organic ions. Soil Biol. Biochem., 28,
617–624.
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How to Cite
Willis, A., Sparks, T. H., Rodrigues, B. F., & Harris, P. J. C. (2016). Organic amendment increases arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity in primary coastal dunes. European Journal of Ecology, 2(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1515/eje-2016-0011
