Urbanization and species occupancy frequency distribution patterns in core zone areas of European towns
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1515/eje-2016-0014Keywords:
Urban, core-satellite species patterns, disturbance, birdsAbstract
More and more of the globe is becoming urbanized. Thus, characterizing the distribution and abundance of species occupying different towns is critically important. The primary aim of this study was to examine the effect of urbanization and latitude on the patterns of species occupancy frequency distribution (SOFD) in urban core zones of European towns (38 towns) along a 3850-km latitudinal gradient. We determined which of the three most common distributional models (unimodal-satellite dominant, bimodal symmetrical, and bimodal asymmetrical) provides the best fit for urban bird communities using the AICc-model selection procedure. Our pooled data exhibited a unimodal-satellite SOFD pattern. This result is inconsistent with the results from previous studies that have been conducted in more natural habitats, where data have mostly exhibited a bimodal SOFD pattern. Large-sized towns exhibited a bimodal symmetric pattern, whereas smaller-sized towns followed a unimodal-satellite dominated SOFD pattern. The difference in environmental diversity is the most plausible explanation for this observation because habitat diversity of the study plots decreased as urbanization increased. Southern towns exhibited unimodal satellite SOFD patterns, central European towns exhibited bimodal symmetric, and northern towns exhibited bimodal asymmetric SOFD patterns. One explanation for this observation is that urbanization is a more recent phenomenon in the north than in the south. Therefore, more satellite species are found in northern towns than in southern towns. We found that core species in European towns are widely distributed, and their regional population sizes are large. Our results indicated that earlier urbanized species are more common in towns than the species that have urbanized later. We concluded that both the traits of bird species and characteristics of towns modified the SOFD patterns of urban-breeding birds. In the future, it would be interesting to study how the urban history impacts SOFD patterns and if the SOFD patterns of wintering and breeding assemblages are the same.
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the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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of European bird species: effects of latitude and marginality of
distribution. PLoS One, 8(10), e77654.
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homogenization effect of urbanization on bird communities.
Conservation Biology, 21, 741–751.
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to waste. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 30, 375–378.
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at the macroecological scale: a review of the mechanisms.
Biological Reviews, 80, 1–25.
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A., Dawson, D.A., Walasz, K., Parterke, J., Burke, T. & Hatchwell,
B.J. (2009) Independent colonization of multiple urban centers
by a formerly specialist bird species. Proceedings of the Royal
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framework for the colonisation of urban areas: the blackbird
Turdus merula as a case study. Biological Reviews, 85, 643–667.
Ferenc, M., Sedláček, O., Fuchs, R., Dinetti, M., Fraissinet, M. & Storch,
D. (2014) Are cities different? Patterns of species richness and
beta diversity of urban bird communities and regional species
assemblages in Europe. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23,
479–489.
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conserving birds in urban landscapes: case studies from southern
and northern Europe. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10,
2023–2043.
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the human environment. Earthscan, Routledge, London.
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in a city of half million people? Diversity and Distribution, 15,
328–337.
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& Hall.
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and theoretical investigations, London: Academic Press.
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in contrasting way on urbanization. Biological Conservation,
144, 234–242.
Hanski, I. (1982) Dynamics of regional distribution: the core and satellite
species hypothesis. Oikos, 38, 210–221.
Hanski, I. (1991) Single‐species metapopulation dynamics: concepts,
models and observations. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,
42, 17–38.
Hanski, I. & Gyllenberg, M. (1993) Two general metapopulation models
and the core-satellite species hypothesis. Science, 275, 397–400.
Hanski, I. & Gilpin, M.E. (1997) Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics,
and Evolution. San Diego: Academic Press.
Hanski, I. (1999) Metapopulation ecology. Oxford: University Press.
Jenkins, D.G. (2011) Ranked species occupancy curves reveal common
patterns among diverse metacommunities. Global Ecology and
Biogeography, 20, 486–497.
Jokimäki, J. & Suhonen, J. (1993) Effects of urbanization on the breeding
bird species richness in Finland. Ornis Fennica, 70, 71–77.
Jokimäki, J., Suhonen, J., Inki, K. & Jokinen, S. (1996) Biogeographical
comparison of winter bird communities in urban environments
in Finland. Journal of Biogeography, 23, 379–386.
Jokimäki, J. & Suhonen, J. (1998) Distribution and habitat selection of
wintering birds in urban environments. Landscape and Urban
Planning, 39, 253–263.
Jokimäki, J. & Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, M.-L. (2003) Spatial similarity of urban
bird communities: a multi-scale approach. Journal of Biogeography,
30, 1183–1193.
Jokimäki, J., Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, M.-L. & Carbó-Ramirez, P. (2013) The
importance of wooded urban green areas for breeding birds: a
case study from Northern Finland. In Gil, D. & Brumm, H. (Eds.)
Avian urban ecology: Behavioural and physiological adaptations
(pp. 201-213). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jokimäki, J., Suhonen, J., Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, M.-L. & Carbó-Ramirez,
P. (2016) Effects of urbanization on breeding birds in European
towns: Impacts of species traits. Urban Ecosystems, 19, 1565-
1577.
Leveau, L.M. (2013) Bird traits in urban–rural gradients: how many functional
groups are there? Journal of Ornithology, 154, 655–662.
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University Press, NJ.
Marzluff, J.M. (2001) Worldwide urbanization and its effects on birds.
In J.M. Marzluff, J.M. Bowman & Donell, M. (Eds.), Avian Ecology
and Conservation is an Urbanizing World (pp. 1-17). Boston:
Kluwer Academic Press.
Marzluff, J.M., Bowman, R. & Donnelly, R. (2001) A historical perspective
on urban bird research: trends, terms and approaches. In:
Marzluff ,J.M., Bowman R., Donelly, R (eds.) Avian Ecology and
Conservation in an Urbanizing World. Kluwer Academic Publishers,
1-17.
MacGregor‐Fors, I., Morales‐Pérez, L. & Schondube, J. E. (2011) Does
size really matter? Species–area relationships in human settlements.
Diversity and Distributions, 17, 112–121.
McDonald, R. (2008) Global urbanization: can ecologists identify a
sustainable way forward? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,
6, 99–104.
McGeoch, M.A. & Gaston, K.J. (2002) Occupancy frequency distributions:
patterns, artefacts and mechanisms. Biological Reviews,
77, 311–331.
McKinney, M.L. (2002) Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation.
BioScience, 52, 883–890.
McKinney, M.L. (2006) Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization.
Biological Conservation, 127, 247–260.
Møller, A.P. (2009) Successful city dweller: A comparative study of the
ecological charcteristics of urban birds in the Western Palearctic.
Oecologia, 159, 849–858.
Møller, A.P., Dvorska, A., Felnsted-Jensen, E., Grim, T., Ibánez-Àlamo,
J.G., Jokimäki, J., Mänd, R., Marko, G. & Tryjanowski, P. (2012)
High urban population density of birds reflects their timing of
urbanization. Oecologia, 170, 867–875.
Møller, A.P. (2014) Behavioural and ecological predictions of urbanization.
Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World. In
Gil, D. & Brumm, H. (Eds.) Avian urban ecology: Behavioural and
physiological adaptations (pp. 54-68). Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Ortega-Álvarez, R. & MacGregor-Fors, I. (2009) Living in the big city: Effects
of urban land-use on bird community structure, diversity,
and composition. Landscape and Urban Planning, 90, 189–195.
Palomino, D. & Carrascal, L.M. (2006) Urban influence on birds at a regional
scale: a case study with the avifauna of northern Madrid
province. Landscape and Urban Planning, 77, 276–290.
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Copyright (c) 2016 Jukka Jokimaki, Jukka Suhonen, Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki
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How to Cite
Jokimaki, J., Suhonen, J., & Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, M.-L. (2016). Urbanization and species occupancy frequency distribution patterns in core zone areas of European towns. European Journal of Ecology, 2(2), 23-43. https://doi.org/10.1515/eje-2016-0014
