Long-term species richness-abundance dynamics in relation to species departures and arrivals in wintering urban bird assemblages
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2478/eje-2019-0002Keywords:
Birds, Finland, more individuals hypothesis, species richness, urban environments, winterAbstract
Temporal dynamics of local assemblages depend on the species richness and the total abundance of individuals as well as local departure and arrival rates of species. We used urban bird survey data collected from the same 31 study plots and methods during three winters (1991–1992; 1999–2000 and 2009–2010) to analyze the temporal relationship between bird species richness and total number of individuals (abundance). We also evaluated local departures and arrivals of species in each assemblage. In total, 13,812 individuals of 35 species were detected. The temporal variation in bird species richness followed the variation in the total number of individuals. The numbers of local departure and arrival events were similar. Also, the mean number of individuals of the recently arrived species (8.6) was almost the same as the mean number of individuals of the departed species (8.2). Risk of species departure was inversely related to number of individuals. Local species richness increased by one species when the total abundance of individuals increased by around 125 individuals and vice versa. Our results highlight the important role of local population departures and arrivals in determining the local species richness-abundance dynamics in human-dominated landscapes. Local species richness patterns depend on the total number of individuals as well as both the departure-arrival dynamics of individual species as well as the dynamics of all the species together. Our results support the more individuals hypothesis, which suggests that individual-rich assemblages have more species.
References
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Jokimäki, J. & Suhonen, J. (1998) Distribution and habitat selection of wintering birds in urban environments. Landscape and Urban Planning, 39, 253–263.
Jokimäki, J., Suhonen, J., Inki, K. & Jokinen, S. (1996) Biogeographical comparison of winter bird assemblages in urban environments in Finland. Journal of Biogeography, 23, 379–386.
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Jokimäki, J. & Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, M. (2012) The role of residential habitat type on the temporal variation of wintering bird assem- blages in northern Finland. Ornis Fennica, 89, 20–33.
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Lockwood, J., Cassey, P. & Blackburn, T. (2005) The role of propagule pressure in explaining species invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 223–228.
Lockwood, J.L., Cassey, P. & Blackburn, T.M. (2009) The more you intro- duce the more you get: The role of colonization pressure and propagule pressure in invasion ecology. Diversity and Distribu- tion, 15, 904–910.
Magurran, A. (2007) Species abundance distributions over time. Ecol- ogy Letters, 10, 347–354.
Marzluff, J.M. (2005) Island biogeography for an urbanizing world: How extinction and colonization may determine biological diversity in human-dominated landscapes. Urban Ecosystems, 8, 157–177.
McPhearson, T., Pickett, S. T., Grimm, N. B., Niemelä, J., Alberti, M., El- mqvist, T. & Qureshi, S. (2016) Advancing urban ecology toward a science of cities. BioScience, 66, 198–212.
Mennechez, G. & Clergeau, P. (2006) Effect of urbanisation on habitat generalists: Starlings not so flexible? Acta Oecologica, 30, 182– 191.
Møller, A. P., Jokimäki, J., Skorka, P., & Tryjanowski, P. (2014) Loss of migration and urbanization in birds: a case study of the blackbird (Turdus merula). Oecologia, 175, 1019–1027.
Mönkkönen, M., Forsman, J.T. & Bokma, F. (2006) Energy availability, abundance, energy-use and species richness in forest bird com- munities: A test of the species-energy theory. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15, 290–302.
Nuorteva, P. (1971) The synanthropy of birds as an expression of the ecological cycle disorder caused by urbanization. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 8, 547–553.
Oro, D., Genovart, M., Tavecchia, G., Fowler, M. S. & Martínez-Abraín, A. (2013) Ecological and evolutionary implications of food subsi- dies from humans. Ecology Letters, 16, 1501–1514.
Pautasso, M., Boehning-Gaese, K., Clergeau, P., Cueto, V.R., Dinetti, M., Fernandez-Juricic, E., Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, M.L., Jokimäki, J., McKinney, M.L., Sodhi, N.S., Storch, D., Tomialojc, L., Weisberg, P.J., Woinarski, J., Fuller, R.A. & Cantarello, E. (2011) Global mac- roecology of bird assemblages in urbanized and semi-natural ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20, 426–436.
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Pulliainen, E. (1963) On the history, ecology and ethology of the mal- lards (Anas platyrhynchos) overwintering in Finland. Ornis Fen- nica 40, 45–66.
Robb, G. N., McDonald, R. A., Chamberlain, D. E. & Bearhop, S. (2008) Food for thought: supplementary feeding as a driver of ecologi- cal change in avian populations. Frontiers in Ecology and the En- vironment, 6, 476–484.
Roth, M. (2007) Review of urban climate research in (sub) tropical re- gions. International Journal of Climatology, 27, 1859–1873.
Saari, S., Richter, S., Higgins, M., Oberhofer, M., Jennings, A. & Faeth, S.H. (2016) Urbanization is not associated with increased abun- dance or decreased richness of terrestrial animals - dissecting the literature through meta-analysis. Urban Ecosystem, 19, 1251–1264.
Shochat, E., Lerman, S.B., Anderies, J.M., Warren, P.S., Faeth, S.H. & Nilon, C.H. (2010) Invasion, competition, and biodiversity loss in urban ecosystems. Bioscience, 60, 199–208.
Shochat, E., Warren, P., Faeth, S., McIntyre, N. & Hope, D. (2006) From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21, 186–191.
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Smith, P. G. (2007) Characteristics of urban natural areas influencing winter bird use in southern Ontario, Canada. Environmental Management, 39, 338–352.
Srivastava, D. & Lawton, J. (1998) Why more productive sites have more species: An experimental test of theory using tree-hole commu- nities. American Naturalist, 152, 510–529.
Storch, D., Bohdalková, E. & Okie J. (2018) The more-individual hypoth- esis revisited: role of community abundance in species richness regulation and the productive-diversity relationship. Ecology Letters 21, 920–937.
Suhonen, J. & Jokimäki, J. (2019) Temporally stable species occupancy frequency distribution and abundance-occupancy relationship patterns in urban wintering bird assemblages. Frontiers in Ecol- ogy and Evolution. doi.org/10.3389/fevo2019.00129.
Suhonen, J., Jokimäki, J., Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, M. L., Hakkarainen, H., Huhta, E., Inki, K. & Suorsa, P. (2009) Urbanization and stability of a bird community in winter. Ecoscience, 16, 502–507.
Tryjanowski, P., Skórka, P., Sparks, T. H., Biaduń, W., Brauze, T., Hetmański, T. & Kawa, P. (2015a). Urban and rural habitats differ in number and type of bird feeders and in bird species consum- ing supplementary food. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 15097–15103.
Tryjanowski, P., Sparks, T. H., Biaduń, W., Brauze, T., Hetmański, T., Mar- tyka, R. & Kawa, P. (2015b). Winter bird assemblages in rural and urban environments: a national survey. PloS One, 10, e0130299.
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Yee, D.A. & Juliano, S.A. (2007). Abundance matters: A field experiment testing the more individuals hypothesis for richness-productivity relationships. Oecologia, 153, 153–162.
Beninde, J., Veith, M., & Hochkirch, A. (2015) Biodiversity in cities needs space: a meta-analysis of factors determining intra-urban biodiversity variation. Ecology Letters, 18, 581–592.
Bibby, C., Burgesm N. & Hill, D. (1992) Bird census techniques. London: Academic Press.
Blackburn, T.M., Cassey, P. & Lockwood, J.L. (2009) The role of spe- cies traits in the establishment success of exotic birds. Global Change Biology, 15, 2852–2860.
Carnicer, J., Brotons, L., Sol, D. & Jordano, P. (2007) Community-based processes behind species richness gradients: Contrasting abun- dance-extinction dynamics and sampling effects in areas of low and high productivity. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16, 709–719.
Cassey P, Blackburn T, Sol S, Duncan R, Lockwood J (2004) Global pat- terns of introduction effort and establishment success in birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 271, S405–S408.
Chace, J.F. & Walsh, J.J. (2006) Urban effects on native avifauna: A re- view. Landscape and Urban Planning, 74, 46–69.
Chiari, C., Dinetti, M., Licciardello, C., Licitra, G. & Pautasso, M. (2010) Urbanization and the more-individuals hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology, 79, 366–371.
Clergeau, P., Croci, S., Jokimäki, J., Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, M.L. & Dinetti, M. (2006a) Avifauna homogenisation by urbanisation: Analysis at different European latitudes. Biological Conservation, 127, 336–344.
Clergeau, P, Jokimäki J. & Snep, R. (2006b) Using hierarchical levels for urban ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21, 660–661.
Colautti R.I., Grigorovich, I.A. & MacIsaac, H.J. (2006) Propagule pres- sure: A null model for biological invasions. Biological Invasions, 8, 1023–1037.
Crooks, K., Suarez, A., Bolger, D. & Soule, M. (2001) Extinction and colo- nization of birds on habitat islands. Conservation Biology, 15, 159–172.
Evans, K.L., Greenwood, J.J.D. & Gaston, K.J. (2005a) The roles of ex- tinction and colonization in generating species-energy relation- ships. Journal of Animal Ecology, 74, 498–507.
Evans, K.L., Greenwood, J.J.D. & Gaston, K.J. (2005b) Relative contribu- tion of abundant and rare species to species-energy relation- ships. Biology Letters, 1, 87–90.
Evans, K.L., Warren, P.H. & Gaston, K.J. (2005c) Species-energy relation- ships at the macroecological scale: A review of the mechanisms. Biological Reviews, 80, 1–25.
Evans, K.L., James, N.A. & Gaston, K.J. (2006) Abundance, species rich- ness and energy availability in the North American avifauna. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15, 372–385.
Fernandez-Juricic, E. & Jokimäki, J. (2001) A habitat island approach to conserving birds in urban landscapes: Case studies from south- ern and northern Europe. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10, 2023–2043.
Francis, R. & Chadwick, M. (2013). Urban ecosystems: Understanding the human environment. London: Routledge.
Fuller, R. A., Warren, P. H., Armsworth, P. R., Barbosa, O. & Gaston, K. J. (2008) Garden bird feeding predicts the structure of urban avian assemblages. Diversity and Distributions, 14, 131–137.
Gaston, K. (2000) Global patterns in biodiversity. Nature, 405, 220–227. Green, R. (1997) The influence of numbers released on the outcome of attempts to introduce exotic bird species to New Zealand. Journal of Animal Ecology, 66, 25–35.
Grimm, N.B., Faeth, S.H., Golubiewski, N.E., Redman, C.L., Wu, J., Bai,X. & Briggs, J.M. (2008) Global change and the ecology of cities. Science, 319, 756–760.
Hodgson, P., French. K., Major, R.E. (2007) Avian movement across abrupt ecological edges: Differential responses to housing den- sity in an urban matrix. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 266–272.
Hurlbert, A.H. (2004) Species-energy relationships and habitat com- plexity in bird communities. Ecology Letters, 7, 714–720.
Huste, A. & Boulinier, T. (2007) Determinants of local extinction and turnover rates in urban bird communities. Ecolocial Applica- tions, 17, 168–180.
Jokimäki, J. & Suhonen, J. (1993) Effects of urbanization on the breeding bird species richness in Finland - a biogeographical comparison. Ornis Fennica, 70, 71–77.
Jokimäki, J. & Suhonen, J. (1998) Distribution and habitat selection of wintering birds in urban environments. Landscape and Urban Planning, 39, 253–263.
Jokimäki, J., Suhonen, J., Inki, K. & Jokinen, S. (1996) Biogeographical comparison of winter bird assemblages in urban environments in Finland. Journal of Biogeography, 23, 379–386.
Jokimäki, J., Suhonen, J., Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, M. (2016) Urbanization and species occupancy frequency distribution pattern in core zone areas of European towns. European Journal of Ecology, 2, 23–43.
Jokimäki, J. & Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, M. (2012) The role of residential habitat type on the temporal variation of wintering bird assem- blages in northern Finland. Ornis Fennica, 89, 20–33.
Lawson, B., Robinson, R.A., Toms, M.P., Risely, K., MacDonald, S. & Cunningham, A.A. (2018) Health hazards to wild birds and risk factors associated with anthropogenic food provisioning. Philo- sophical Transactions Royal Society B, 373, 20170091.
Legendre, S., Clobert, J., Møller, A. & Sorci, G. (1999) Demographic sto- chasticity and social mating system in the process of extinction of small populations: The case of passerines introduced to New Zealand. American Naturalist, 153, 449–463.
Lockwood, J., Cassey, P. & Blackburn, T. (2005) The role of propagule pressure in explaining species invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 223–228.
Lockwood, J.L., Cassey, P. & Blackburn, T.M. (2009) The more you intro- duce the more you get: The role of colonization pressure and propagule pressure in invasion ecology. Diversity and Distribu- tion, 15, 904–910.
Magurran, A. (2007) Species abundance distributions over time. Ecol- ogy Letters, 10, 347–354.
Marzluff, J.M. (2005) Island biogeography for an urbanizing world: How extinction and colonization may determine biological diversity in human-dominated landscapes. Urban Ecosystems, 8, 157–177.
McPhearson, T., Pickett, S. T., Grimm, N. B., Niemelä, J., Alberti, M., El- mqvist, T. & Qureshi, S. (2016) Advancing urban ecology toward a science of cities. BioScience, 66, 198–212.
Mennechez, G. & Clergeau, P. (2006) Effect of urbanisation on habitat generalists: Starlings not so flexible? Acta Oecologica, 30, 182– 191.
Møller, A. P., Jokimäki, J., Skorka, P., & Tryjanowski, P. (2014) Loss of migration and urbanization in birds: a case study of the blackbird (Turdus merula). Oecologia, 175, 1019–1027.
Mönkkönen, M., Forsman, J.T. & Bokma, F. (2006) Energy availability, abundance, energy-use and species richness in forest bird com- munities: A test of the species-energy theory. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15, 290–302.
Nuorteva, P. (1971) The synanthropy of birds as an expression of the ecological cycle disorder caused by urbanization. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 8, 547–553.
Oro, D., Genovart, M., Tavecchia, G., Fowler, M. S. & Martínez-Abraín, A. (2013) Ecological and evolutionary implications of food subsi- dies from humans. Ecology Letters, 16, 1501–1514.
Pautasso, M., Boehning-Gaese, K., Clergeau, P., Cueto, V.R., Dinetti, M., Fernandez-Juricic, E., Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, M.L., Jokimäki, J., McKinney, M.L., Sodhi, N.S., Storch, D., Tomialojc, L., Weisberg, P.J., Woinarski, J., Fuller, R.A. & Cantarello, E. (2011) Global mac- roecology of bird assemblages in urbanized and semi-natural ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20, 426–436.
Pimm, S.L., Jones H.L. & Diamond, J. (1988) On the risk of extinction. American Naturalist, 132, 757–785.
Pulliainen, E. (1963) On the history, ecology and ethology of the mal- lards (Anas platyrhynchos) overwintering in Finland. Ornis Fen- nica 40, 45–66.
Robb, G. N., McDonald, R. A., Chamberlain, D. E. & Bearhop, S. (2008) Food for thought: supplementary feeding as a driver of ecologi- cal change in avian populations. Frontiers in Ecology and the En- vironment, 6, 476–484.
Roth, M. (2007) Review of urban climate research in (sub) tropical re- gions. International Journal of Climatology, 27, 1859–1873.
Saari, S., Richter, S., Higgins, M., Oberhofer, M., Jennings, A. & Faeth, S.H. (2016) Urbanization is not associated with increased abun- dance or decreased richness of terrestrial animals - dissecting the literature through meta-analysis. Urban Ecosystem, 19, 1251–1264.
Shochat, E., Lerman, S.B., Anderies, J.M., Warren, P.S., Faeth, S.H. & Nilon, C.H. (2010) Invasion, competition, and biodiversity loss in urban ecosystems. Bioscience, 60, 199–208.
Shochat, E., Warren, P., Faeth, S., McIntyre, N. & Hope, D. (2006) From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21, 186–191.
Smith, P. G. (2003) Winter bird use of urban and rural habitats in On- tario. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 117, 173–183.
Smith, P. G. (2007) Characteristics of urban natural areas influencing winter bird use in southern Ontario, Canada. Environmental Management, 39, 338–352.
Srivastava, D. & Lawton, J. (1998) Why more productive sites have more species: An experimental test of theory using tree-hole commu- nities. American Naturalist, 152, 510–529.
Storch, D., Bohdalková, E. & Okie J. (2018) The more-individual hypoth- esis revisited: role of community abundance in species richness regulation and the productive-diversity relationship. Ecology Letters 21, 920–937.
Suhonen, J. & Jokimäki, J. (2019) Temporally stable species occupancy frequency distribution and abundance-occupancy relationship patterns in urban wintering bird assemblages. Frontiers in Ecol- ogy and Evolution. doi.org/10.3389/fevo2019.00129.
Suhonen, J., Jokimäki, J., Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, M. L., Hakkarainen, H., Huhta, E., Inki, K. & Suorsa, P. (2009) Urbanization and stability of a bird community in winter. Ecoscience, 16, 502–507.
Tryjanowski, P., Skórka, P., Sparks, T. H., Biaduń, W., Brauze, T., Hetmański, T. & Kawa, P. (2015a). Urban and rural habitats differ in number and type of bird feeders and in bird species consum- ing supplementary food. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 15097–15103.
Tryjanowski, P., Sparks, T. H., Biaduń, W., Brauze, T., Hetmański, T., Mar- tyka, R. & Kawa, P. (2015b). Winter bird assemblages in rural and urban environments: a national survey. PloS One, 10, e0130299.
Thomas, C. (1990) What do real population-dynamics tell us about min- imum viable population sizes. Conservation Biology 4, 324–327.
Wiens, J.A. (1989). The ecology of bird communities. Volume 2, Processes and variations. Cambridge: Cambrige University Press. Wright, D.H. (1983). Species-energy theory - an extension of species-area theory. Oikos, 41, 496–506.
Yee, D.A. & Juliano, S.A. (2007). Abundance matters: A field experiment testing the more individuals hypothesis for richness-productivity relationships. Oecologia, 153, 153–162.
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How to Cite
Suhonen, J., & Jokimaki, J. (2019). Long-term species richness-abundance dynamics in relation to species departures and arrivals in wintering urban bird assemblages. European Journal of Ecology, 5(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.2478/eje-2019-0002
