Germination rates of old and fresh seeds and their implications on invasiveness of the ornamental Canary Islands date palm (Phoenix canariensis)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17161/eurojecol.v6i2.13474Keywords:
Palmae; seed germination; invasive species; seed dormancy; recruitment pulseAbstract
In many countries, Canary Islands Date Palms (Phoenix canariensis) have escaped their horticulturally managed settings and have commenced to colonise surrounding natural bushland. While dispersed by various vectors, both birds and canids such as foxes, fluctuating environmental conditions may inhibit germination in the season of deposition. The potential of old, previous season’s seeds to germinate when conditions turn favourable has direct implications on the plant’s ability to establish viable, colonising populations. Nothing is known about the ability of older, previous season’s seeds to successfully germinate.
Based in experimental data, this paper shows that that the seeds of Phoenix canariensis exhibit both substantial inter-specimen and inter-seasonal variations in their germination potential. The observed variability is caused by the high genetic diversity inherent in a given palm population, as well as by range of environmental factors. At the present stage it is impossible to separate these two. Directions for further research are outlined.
References
Ahmed, I. A., Ahmed, A. W. K., & Robinson, R. K. (1995) Chemical composition of date varieties influenced by the stage of ripening. Food Chemistry, 54, 305-309.
Al-Wasel, A., & Warrag, M. (1998) Effect of fruit developmental stage, seed scarification and operculum removal on seed germination of date palm. Agricola Science, 10, 153-161.
Aljuburi, H. J., Al-Masry, H., & Al-Muhanna, S. A. (2000) 479 Fruit Characteristics and Productivity of Date Palm Trees (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as Affected by Some Growth Regulators. Hortscience, 35(3), 476E-477.
Amira, E. A., Guido, F., Saafi, E. B., Issaoui, M., Nesrine, Z., Ferchichi, A., . . . Achour, L. (2011) Chemical and aroma volatile compositions of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits at three maturation stages. Food Chemistry, 127(4), 1744-1754.
André, E. (1888) Un nouveaux Phoenix hybride. Revue Horticole, 60(3), 366.
Azad, M. S., Rahman, M. T., & Matin, M. A. (2011) Seed germination techniques of Phoenix dactylifera: A new experience from Bangladesh. Frontiers of Agriculture in China, 5(2), 241-246.
Baliga, M. S., Baliga, B. R. V., Kandathil, S. M., Bhat, H. P., & Vayalil, P. K. (2011) A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of the date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Food Research International, 44(7), 1812-1822.
Bar-Shalom, O., & Mendel, Z. (2001) Seasonal changes in the seed bank in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) orchards and the involvement of the date-stone beetle (Coccotrypes dactyliperda). Phytoparasitica, 29(1), 84–85.
Barrow, S. C. (1998) A monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae). Kew Bulletin, 53(3), 513–575.
Baskin, J. M., & Baskin, C. C. (2014) What kind of seed dormancy might palms have? Seed Science Research, 24, 17–22.
Batista, G. S., Mazzini-Guedes, R. B., Pivetta, K. F. L., Pritchard, H. W., & Marks, T. (2016) Seed desiccation and salinity tolerance of palm species' Carpentaria acuminata, Dypsis decaryi, Phoenix canariensis', and'Ptychosperma elegans'. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 11(12), 1630.
Beech, E. (2017) Phoenix canariensis, Palma Canaria. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. doi:10.2305_IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T13416997A13417001.en.pdf
Biradar, N., & Mahabale, T. (1969). Studies on palms: Fruits, seeds and seed germination in the genus Phoenix L. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Section B.
Borzì, A. (1912) Sulla coltura del Dattero come Pianta da frutta in Sicilia. Bollettino dell R. Orto Botanico e Giardino Coloniale di Palermo, 9(1–3), 40-60.
Broschat, T. K., & Donselman, H. (1989) Palm seed storage and germination studies. Principes, 32(1), 3–12.
Bureau of Meterology. (2019a). Climate statistics for Australian locations. Monthly climate statistics. Albury Airport (station nº 072146). Retrieved from http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_072146.shtml
Bureau of Meterology. (2019b). Climate statistics for Australian locations. Monthly climate statistics. Narrandera Airport (station nº 074148). Retrieved from http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_074148.shtml
Bureau of Meterology. (2019c). Climate statistics for Australian locations. Monthly climate statistics. Wagga Wagga AMO (station nº 072150). Retrieved from http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_072150.shtml
Campbell, I. (2007) Chi-squared and Fisher-Irwin tests of two-by-two tables with small sample recommendations. Statistics in Medicine, 26, 3661-3675.
Chatty, Y., & Tissaoui, T. (1999). Effect of Temperature on Germination of Ornamental Palm Trees in Tunisia. Paper presented at the II International Symposium on Ornamental Palms & other Monocots from the Tropics.
Cohen, Y., Slavkovic, F., Birger, D., Greenberg, A., Sadowsky, A., Ish-Shalom, M., . . . Kamenetsky, R. (2014). Fertilization and fruit setting in date palm: biological and technological challenges. Paper presented at the XXIX International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture: Sustaining Lives, Livelihoods and Landscapes (IHC2014): 1130.
Di Tomaso, J. M., & Healy, E. A. (2006) Weeds of California and other western states. Oakland, CA: University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
Dickie, J. B., & Pritchard, H. W. (2002). Systematic and evolutionary aspects of desiccation tolerance in seeds. In M. Black & H. W. Pritchard (Eds.), Desiccation and survival in plants: drying without dying (pp. 239-259). Wallingford: CAB International.
Djibril, S., Mohamed, O. K., Diaga, D., Diégane, D., Abaye, B., Maurice, S., & Alain, B. (2005) Growth and development of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seedlings under drought and salinity stresses. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(9).
Djouab, A., Benamara, S., Gougam, H., Amellal, H., & Hidous, K. (2016) Physical and antioxidant properties of two Algerian date fruit species (Phoenix dactylifera L. and Phoenix canariensis L.). Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 28(9), 601-608.
Donselman, H. (1982) Palm Seed Germination Studies. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 95, 256–257.
El Arem, A., Saafi, E. B., Flamini, G., Issaoui, M., Ferchichi, A., Hammami, M., . . . Achour, L. (2012) Volatile and nonvolatile chemical composition of some date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) harvested at different stages of maturity. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 47(3), 549-555.
El-Tarawy, M. A., Menesy, F. A., & Nofal, E. M. (1989) Seed germination and seedling growth of Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis Chaub.) as affected by some pregermination treatments. Journal of Agricultural Research, Tanta University, 13, 28–37.
Eltayeb, E. A., Al-Hasni, A. S., & Farooq, S. A. (1999) Changes in soluble sugar content during the development of fruits in some varieties of Omani date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Pakistan J. Biol. Sci, 2, 255-258.
Gátin, C.-L. (1906) Recherches anatomiques et chimiques sur la germination des palmiers. Annales des sciences naturelles. Botanique, 3(4–6), 191–314.
Ghanim, H. D., & Muhtaseb, J. A. A.-. (2006) Effect of Pollen Source on Yield,
Quality and Maturity of ‘Mejhool’ Date Palm. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(1), 8–15.
González-Pérez, M. A., & Sosa, P. A. (2009) Hybridization and introgression between the endemic Phoenix canariensis and the introduced P. dactylifera in the Canary Islands. The Open Forest Science Journal, 2, 78-85.
Hafez, O. M., Saleh, M. A., Mostafa, E., Naguib, M., & Ashour, N. (2014) Effect of pollen grain sources on yield and fruit quality of Samany date palm. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(8), 164-168.
Haffar, I., Al Juburi, H., & Ahmed, M. (1997) Effect of Pollination Frequency and Pollen Concentration on Yield and Fruit Characteristics of Mechanically Pollinated Date Palm Trees (Phoenix dactyliferavar. Khalas). Journal of agricultural engineering research, 68(1), 11-14.
Jenhani, W. (1992). Ecological and genetic study of Phoenix Theophrasti and Phoenix canariensis in Crete. nº. Chania (Crete)
Lipnitz, D., & Kretschmar, M. (1994) Standortökologische Untersuchungen an Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud (Arecaceae) auf Gran Canaria und Teneriffa (Kanarische Inseln). Palmarum Hortus Francofortensis: Palmengarten wissenschaftliche Berichte, 4, 23-63.
Maguire, J. D. (1962) Speed of germination aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science, 2, 176-177.
Marcus, J., & Banks, K. (1999) A Practical Guide to Germinating Palm Seeds. Principes, 43(2), 56-59.
Martfn Alemán, N., Leon Hernández, A. M. d., & Rodríguez Perez, J. A. (1999). Effect of Salinity on Germination of Phoenix Canariensis and Sabal Palmetto (Arecaceae). Paper presented at the II International Symposium on Ornamental Palms & other Monocots from the Tropics.
Martín-Sánchez, A. M., Cherif, S., Vilella-Esplá, J., Ben-Abda, J., Kuri, V., Pérez-Álvarez, J. Á., & Sayas-Barberá, E. (2014) Characterization of novel intermediate food products from Spanish date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L., cv. Confitera) co-products for industrial use. Food Chemistry, 154, 269-275.
MedCalc Software. (2018). MEDCALC. Comparison of proportions calculator. Retrieved from https://www.medcalc.org/calc/comparison_of_proportions.php
Meerow, A. W., & Broschat, T. K. (2017). Palm Seed Germination (Vol. BUL274). Miami: Environmental Horticulture Department UF/IFAS Extension.
Merwad, M., Mostafa, E., Saleh, M., & Mansour, A. (2015) Yield and fruit quality of Hayany date palm as affected by different pollen grain sources. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 8(6), 544-549.
Meyer, J.-Y., Lavergne, C., & Hodel, D. R. (2008) Time Bombs in Gardens: Invasive Ornamental Palms in Tropical Islands, with Emphasis on French Polynesia (Pacific Ocean) and the Mascarenes (Indian Ocean). Palms, 52(2), 71–83.
Mifsud, S. (1996) Germinating Palm Seeds. Chamaerops, 23.
Noto, G., & Romano, D. (1987). Palms in the Urban Environment in the Southern Latitudes of Italy. In P. R. Thoday & D. W. Robinson (Eds.), The Scientific Management of Vegetation in the Urban Environment. (Vol. 195, pp. 91-97): Acta Horticulturae.
Núñez, D. R. (1997) Frutos secos, oleaginosos, frutales de hueso, almendros y frutales de pepita: Editum.
Odetola, J. A. (1987) Studies on seed dormancy, viability, and germination in ornamental palms. Principes, 31, 24-30.
Pacheco, M. A. (2001) Effects of flooding and herbivores on variation in recruitment of palms between habitats. Journal of Ecology, 89(3), 358-366.
Pammenter, N., & Berjak, P. (2000) Evolutionary and ecological aspects of recalcitrant seed biology. Seed Science Research, 10(3), 301-306.
Pimenta, R. S., da Luz, P. B., Pivetta, K. F. L., de Castro, A., & Pizetta, P. U. C. s. (2010) Efeito da maturação e temperatura na germinação de sementes de Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud - Arecaceae. Revista Árvore, 34(1), 31–38.
Pritchard, H. W., Wood, C. B., Hodges, S., & Vautier, H. J. (2004) 100-seed test for desiccation tolerance and germination: a case study on eight tropical palm species. Seed Science and Technology, 32(2), 393-403.
Rezazadeh, R., Hassanzadeh, H., Hosseini, Y., Karami, Y., & Williams, R. R. (2013) Influence of pollen source on fruit production of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Barhi in humid coastal regions of southern Iran. Scientia Horticulturae, 160, 182-188.
Richardson, J. T. E. (2011) The analysis of 2 x 2 contingency tables - Yet again. Statistics in Medicine, 30, 890.
Robinson, M. L. (2009). Cooperative Extension SP-02-09: Cultivated Palm Seed Germination. Reno: University of Nevada.
Rubio Neto, A., Silva, F. G., Sales, J. d. F., Reis, E. F. d., Silva, M. V. V. d., & Souza, A. L. (2012) Effect of drying and soaking fruits and seeds on germination of macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata [Jacq.] Loddiges ex MART.). Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, 34(2), 179-185.
Salomon-Torres, R., Ortiz-Uribe, N., Villa-Angulo, R., Villa-Angulo, C., Norzagaray-Plasencia, S., & García-Verdugo, C. D. (2017) Effect of pollenizers on production and fruit characteristics of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivar Medjool in Mexico. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 41, 338-347.
Saro, I., Robledo-Arnuncio, J. J., González-Pérez, M. A., & Sosa, P. A. (2014) Patterns of pollen dispersal in a small population of the Canarian endemic palm (Phoenix canariensis). Heredity, 113(3), 215-223. doi:10.1038/hdy.2014.16
Shafique, M., Khan, A. S., Malik, A. U., Shahid, M., Rajwana, I. A., Saleem, B. A., . . . Ahmad, I. (2011) Influence of pollen source and pollination frequency on fruit drop, yield and quality of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Dhakki. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43(2), 831-839.
Singh, R. S., & Bhargava, R. (2009) Effect Of Seed Treatments on Germination and Growth Behaviour in Date Palm (Phoenix Species) under hot arid Conditions. Journal of Tropical Forestry, 25(1–2), 42-48.
Sosa, P. A., Naranjo, A., Márquez, M., Gil, J., & Saro, I. (2016). Mapping of palm trees and palm groves (Phoenix canariensis) from the Canary Islands: Distribution and census. Paper presented at the EUNOPS XVI. International Meeting of the European Network of Palm Scientists, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.
Spanner, T. W. (2018). Phoenix canariensis. Canary Island Date Palm. Retrieved from https://www.rarepalmseeds.com/pix/PhoCan.shtml
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2018a) Canary Islands Palms (Phoenix canariensis) in Australia: introduction and early dispersal. Palms, 62(4), 185–201.
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2018b). An Experimental Evaluation of Food Preferences and Associated Hatching Times of the Date Stone Beetle, Coccotrypes dactyliperda (Scolytinae, Coleoptera). Institute for Land, Water and Society Report, nº 120. Albury, NSW
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2018c). Geographical distribution of four key ornamental and production palm species Phoenix canariensis, P. dactylifera, Washingtonia filifera and W. robusta. nº. Albury, NSW
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2018d). Phoenix canariensis seed encountered in scats and ejecta collected at Alma Park. nº. Albury, NSW
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2019a) Biology, ecology and distribution of the date stone beetle, Coccotrypes dactyliperda (Scolytinae, Coleoptera). Zoology in the Middle East, 65(2), 163-182. doi:10.1080/09397140.2019.1571743
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2019b) Canary Islands Palms (Phoenix canariensis) as ornamental plants. The first thirty years of the horticultural trade. Huntia, 17(2), 79–102.
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2019c) The connective potential of vertebrate vectors responsible for the dispersal of the Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis). Flora, 259, 151468. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2019.151468
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2019f). Phoenix canariensis and Washingtonia robusta drupes consumed by the Pied Currawong (Strepera graculina). A photographic documentation. nº. Albury, NSW
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2020a). Background to the Palms at Alma Park (NSW) I: Alma Park Lutheran Church. nº. Albury, NSW
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2020b). Background to the Palms at Alma Park (NSW) II: Netherlands Homestead. nº. Albury, NSW
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2020c). Background to the Palms at Alma Park (NSW) III: Glenalvon Homestead. nº. Albury, NSW
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2020d) Frugivory and seed dispersal revisited: codifying the plant-centred net benefit of animal-mediated interactions. Flora, 263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2019.151534
Spennemann, D. H. R., Kent, K., & Cook, R. (2018). Uninvited guests: Mass Emergence of Scolytinid Beetles in a Seed Germination Experiment and its Management. Institute for Land, Water and Society Report, nº 118. Albury, NSW
Spennemann, D. H. R., & Pike, M. (2019) Rites of Passage: germination of regurgitated and defecated Phoenix canariensis seeds. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of NSW, 141, 49–59.
Staples, G. W., Herbst, D., & Imada, C. T. (2000) Survey of invasive or potentially invasive cultivated plants in Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 65.
Sumianah, G. M., Makki, Y. M., & Rumney, T. G. (1984) Changes in the chemical composition of three cultivars of date seed during germination. Date Palm Journal, 3(2), 395–407.
Williams, P. A. (2008). Biological success and weediness of some terrestrial weeds not presently in the Northland Regional Council's RPMS. Prepared for: Northland Regional Council. nº. Nelson
Wotherspoon, S. H., & Wotherspoon, J. A. (2002). The evolution and execution of a plan for invasive weed eradication and control, Rangitoto Island, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. In C. R. Veitch & M. N. Clout (Eds.), Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species. Proceedings of the International Conference on Eradication of Island Invasives (pp. 381-388). Cambridge: IUCN.
Zona, S. (2008) The horticultural history of the Canary Island Date Palm (Phoenix canariensis). Garden History, 36, 301–308.
Al-Wasel, A., & Warrag, M. (1998) Effect of fruit developmental stage, seed scarification and operculum removal on seed germination of date palm. Agricola Science, 10, 153-161.
Aljuburi, H. J., Al-Masry, H., & Al-Muhanna, S. A. (2000) 479 Fruit Characteristics and Productivity of Date Palm Trees (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as Affected by Some Growth Regulators. Hortscience, 35(3), 476E-477.
Amira, E. A., Guido, F., Saafi, E. B., Issaoui, M., Nesrine, Z., Ferchichi, A., . . . Achour, L. (2011) Chemical and aroma volatile compositions of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits at three maturation stages. Food Chemistry, 127(4), 1744-1754.
André, E. (1888) Un nouveaux Phoenix hybride. Revue Horticole, 60(3), 366.
Azad, M. S., Rahman, M. T., & Matin, M. A. (2011) Seed germination techniques of Phoenix dactylifera: A new experience from Bangladesh. Frontiers of Agriculture in China, 5(2), 241-246.
Baliga, M. S., Baliga, B. R. V., Kandathil, S. M., Bhat, H. P., & Vayalil, P. K. (2011) A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of the date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Food Research International, 44(7), 1812-1822.
Bar-Shalom, O., & Mendel, Z. (2001) Seasonal changes in the seed bank in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) orchards and the involvement of the date-stone beetle (Coccotrypes dactyliperda). Phytoparasitica, 29(1), 84–85.
Barrow, S. C. (1998) A monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae). Kew Bulletin, 53(3), 513–575.
Baskin, J. M., & Baskin, C. C. (2014) What kind of seed dormancy might palms have? Seed Science Research, 24, 17–22.
Batista, G. S., Mazzini-Guedes, R. B., Pivetta, K. F. L., Pritchard, H. W., & Marks, T. (2016) Seed desiccation and salinity tolerance of palm species' Carpentaria acuminata, Dypsis decaryi, Phoenix canariensis', and'Ptychosperma elegans'. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 11(12), 1630.
Beech, E. (2017) Phoenix canariensis, Palma Canaria. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. doi:10.2305_IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T13416997A13417001.en.pdf
Biradar, N., & Mahabale, T. (1969). Studies on palms: Fruits, seeds and seed germination in the genus Phoenix L. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Section B.
Borzì, A. (1912) Sulla coltura del Dattero come Pianta da frutta in Sicilia. Bollettino dell R. Orto Botanico e Giardino Coloniale di Palermo, 9(1–3), 40-60.
Broschat, T. K., & Donselman, H. (1989) Palm seed storage and germination studies. Principes, 32(1), 3–12.
Bureau of Meterology. (2019a). Climate statistics for Australian locations. Monthly climate statistics. Albury Airport (station nº 072146). Retrieved from http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_072146.shtml
Bureau of Meterology. (2019b). Climate statistics for Australian locations. Monthly climate statistics. Narrandera Airport (station nº 074148). Retrieved from http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_074148.shtml
Bureau of Meterology. (2019c). Climate statistics for Australian locations. Monthly climate statistics. Wagga Wagga AMO (station nº 072150). Retrieved from http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_072150.shtml
Campbell, I. (2007) Chi-squared and Fisher-Irwin tests of two-by-two tables with small sample recommendations. Statistics in Medicine, 26, 3661-3675.
Chatty, Y., & Tissaoui, T. (1999). Effect of Temperature on Germination of Ornamental Palm Trees in Tunisia. Paper presented at the II International Symposium on Ornamental Palms & other Monocots from the Tropics.
Cohen, Y., Slavkovic, F., Birger, D., Greenberg, A., Sadowsky, A., Ish-Shalom, M., . . . Kamenetsky, R. (2014). Fertilization and fruit setting in date palm: biological and technological challenges. Paper presented at the XXIX International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture: Sustaining Lives, Livelihoods and Landscapes (IHC2014): 1130.
Di Tomaso, J. M., & Healy, E. A. (2006) Weeds of California and other western states. Oakland, CA: University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
Dickie, J. B., & Pritchard, H. W. (2002). Systematic and evolutionary aspects of desiccation tolerance in seeds. In M. Black & H. W. Pritchard (Eds.), Desiccation and survival in plants: drying without dying (pp. 239-259). Wallingford: CAB International.
Djibril, S., Mohamed, O. K., Diaga, D., Diégane, D., Abaye, B., Maurice, S., & Alain, B. (2005) Growth and development of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seedlings under drought and salinity stresses. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(9).
Djouab, A., Benamara, S., Gougam, H., Amellal, H., & Hidous, K. (2016) Physical and antioxidant properties of two Algerian date fruit species (Phoenix dactylifera L. and Phoenix canariensis L.). Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 28(9), 601-608.
Donselman, H. (1982) Palm Seed Germination Studies. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 95, 256–257.
El Arem, A., Saafi, E. B., Flamini, G., Issaoui, M., Ferchichi, A., Hammami, M., . . . Achour, L. (2012) Volatile and nonvolatile chemical composition of some date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) harvested at different stages of maturity. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 47(3), 549-555.
El-Tarawy, M. A., Menesy, F. A., & Nofal, E. M. (1989) Seed germination and seedling growth of Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis Chaub.) as affected by some pregermination treatments. Journal of Agricultural Research, Tanta University, 13, 28–37.
Eltayeb, E. A., Al-Hasni, A. S., & Farooq, S. A. (1999) Changes in soluble sugar content during the development of fruits in some varieties of Omani date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Pakistan J. Biol. Sci, 2, 255-258.
Gátin, C.-L. (1906) Recherches anatomiques et chimiques sur la germination des palmiers. Annales des sciences naturelles. Botanique, 3(4–6), 191–314.
Ghanim, H. D., & Muhtaseb, J. A. A.-. (2006) Effect of Pollen Source on Yield,
Quality and Maturity of ‘Mejhool’ Date Palm. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(1), 8–15.
González-Pérez, M. A., & Sosa, P. A. (2009) Hybridization and introgression between the endemic Phoenix canariensis and the introduced P. dactylifera in the Canary Islands. The Open Forest Science Journal, 2, 78-85.
Hafez, O. M., Saleh, M. A., Mostafa, E., Naguib, M., & Ashour, N. (2014) Effect of pollen grain sources on yield and fruit quality of Samany date palm. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(8), 164-168.
Haffar, I., Al Juburi, H., & Ahmed, M. (1997) Effect of Pollination Frequency and Pollen Concentration on Yield and Fruit Characteristics of Mechanically Pollinated Date Palm Trees (Phoenix dactyliferavar. Khalas). Journal of agricultural engineering research, 68(1), 11-14.
Jenhani, W. (1992). Ecological and genetic study of Phoenix Theophrasti and Phoenix canariensis in Crete. nº. Chania (Crete)
Lipnitz, D., & Kretschmar, M. (1994) Standortökologische Untersuchungen an Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud (Arecaceae) auf Gran Canaria und Teneriffa (Kanarische Inseln). Palmarum Hortus Francofortensis: Palmengarten wissenschaftliche Berichte, 4, 23-63.
Maguire, J. D. (1962) Speed of germination aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science, 2, 176-177.
Marcus, J., & Banks, K. (1999) A Practical Guide to Germinating Palm Seeds. Principes, 43(2), 56-59.
Martfn Alemán, N., Leon Hernández, A. M. d., & Rodríguez Perez, J. A. (1999). Effect of Salinity on Germination of Phoenix Canariensis and Sabal Palmetto (Arecaceae). Paper presented at the II International Symposium on Ornamental Palms & other Monocots from the Tropics.
Martín-Sánchez, A. M., Cherif, S., Vilella-Esplá, J., Ben-Abda, J., Kuri, V., Pérez-Álvarez, J. Á., & Sayas-Barberá, E. (2014) Characterization of novel intermediate food products from Spanish date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L., cv. Confitera) co-products for industrial use. Food Chemistry, 154, 269-275.
MedCalc Software. (2018). MEDCALC. Comparison of proportions calculator. Retrieved from https://www.medcalc.org/calc/comparison_of_proportions.php
Meerow, A. W., & Broschat, T. K. (2017). Palm Seed Germination (Vol. BUL274). Miami: Environmental Horticulture Department UF/IFAS Extension.
Merwad, M., Mostafa, E., Saleh, M., & Mansour, A. (2015) Yield and fruit quality of Hayany date palm as affected by different pollen grain sources. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 8(6), 544-549.
Meyer, J.-Y., Lavergne, C., & Hodel, D. R. (2008) Time Bombs in Gardens: Invasive Ornamental Palms in Tropical Islands, with Emphasis on French Polynesia (Pacific Ocean) and the Mascarenes (Indian Ocean). Palms, 52(2), 71–83.
Mifsud, S. (1996) Germinating Palm Seeds. Chamaerops, 23.
Noto, G., & Romano, D. (1987). Palms in the Urban Environment in the Southern Latitudes of Italy. In P. R. Thoday & D. W. Robinson (Eds.), The Scientific Management of Vegetation in the Urban Environment. (Vol. 195, pp. 91-97): Acta Horticulturae.
Núñez, D. R. (1997) Frutos secos, oleaginosos, frutales de hueso, almendros y frutales de pepita: Editum.
Odetola, J. A. (1987) Studies on seed dormancy, viability, and germination in ornamental palms. Principes, 31, 24-30.
Pacheco, M. A. (2001) Effects of flooding and herbivores on variation in recruitment of palms between habitats. Journal of Ecology, 89(3), 358-366.
Pammenter, N., & Berjak, P. (2000) Evolutionary and ecological aspects of recalcitrant seed biology. Seed Science Research, 10(3), 301-306.
Pimenta, R. S., da Luz, P. B., Pivetta, K. F. L., de Castro, A., & Pizetta, P. U. C. s. (2010) Efeito da maturação e temperatura na germinação de sementes de Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud - Arecaceae. Revista Árvore, 34(1), 31–38.
Pritchard, H. W., Wood, C. B., Hodges, S., & Vautier, H. J. (2004) 100-seed test for desiccation tolerance and germination: a case study on eight tropical palm species. Seed Science and Technology, 32(2), 393-403.
Rezazadeh, R., Hassanzadeh, H., Hosseini, Y., Karami, Y., & Williams, R. R. (2013) Influence of pollen source on fruit production of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Barhi in humid coastal regions of southern Iran. Scientia Horticulturae, 160, 182-188.
Richardson, J. T. E. (2011) The analysis of 2 x 2 contingency tables - Yet again. Statistics in Medicine, 30, 890.
Robinson, M. L. (2009). Cooperative Extension SP-02-09: Cultivated Palm Seed Germination. Reno: University of Nevada.
Rubio Neto, A., Silva, F. G., Sales, J. d. F., Reis, E. F. d., Silva, M. V. V. d., & Souza, A. L. (2012) Effect of drying and soaking fruits and seeds on germination of macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata [Jacq.] Loddiges ex MART.). Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, 34(2), 179-185.
Salomon-Torres, R., Ortiz-Uribe, N., Villa-Angulo, R., Villa-Angulo, C., Norzagaray-Plasencia, S., & García-Verdugo, C. D. (2017) Effect of pollenizers on production and fruit characteristics of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivar Medjool in Mexico. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 41, 338-347.
Saro, I., Robledo-Arnuncio, J. J., González-Pérez, M. A., & Sosa, P. A. (2014) Patterns of pollen dispersal in a small population of the Canarian endemic palm (Phoenix canariensis). Heredity, 113(3), 215-223. doi:10.1038/hdy.2014.16
Shafique, M., Khan, A. S., Malik, A. U., Shahid, M., Rajwana, I. A., Saleem, B. A., . . . Ahmad, I. (2011) Influence of pollen source and pollination frequency on fruit drop, yield and quality of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Dhakki. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43(2), 831-839.
Singh, R. S., & Bhargava, R. (2009) Effect Of Seed Treatments on Germination and Growth Behaviour in Date Palm (Phoenix Species) under hot arid Conditions. Journal of Tropical Forestry, 25(1–2), 42-48.
Sosa, P. A., Naranjo, A., Márquez, M., Gil, J., & Saro, I. (2016). Mapping of palm trees and palm groves (Phoenix canariensis) from the Canary Islands: Distribution and census. Paper presented at the EUNOPS XVI. International Meeting of the European Network of Palm Scientists, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.
Spanner, T. W. (2018). Phoenix canariensis. Canary Island Date Palm. Retrieved from https://www.rarepalmseeds.com/pix/PhoCan.shtml
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2018a) Canary Islands Palms (Phoenix canariensis) in Australia: introduction and early dispersal. Palms, 62(4), 185–201.
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2018b). An Experimental Evaluation of Food Preferences and Associated Hatching Times of the Date Stone Beetle, Coccotrypes dactyliperda (Scolytinae, Coleoptera). Institute for Land, Water and Society Report, nº 120. Albury, NSW
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2018c). Geographical distribution of four key ornamental and production palm species Phoenix canariensis, P. dactylifera, Washingtonia filifera and W. robusta. nº. Albury, NSW
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2018d). Phoenix canariensis seed encountered in scats and ejecta collected at Alma Park. nº. Albury, NSW
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2019a) Biology, ecology and distribution of the date stone beetle, Coccotrypes dactyliperda (Scolytinae, Coleoptera). Zoology in the Middle East, 65(2), 163-182. doi:10.1080/09397140.2019.1571743
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2019b) Canary Islands Palms (Phoenix canariensis) as ornamental plants. The first thirty years of the horticultural trade. Huntia, 17(2), 79–102.
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2019c) The connective potential of vertebrate vectors responsible for the dispersal of the Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis). Flora, 259, 151468. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2019.151468
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2019f). Phoenix canariensis and Washingtonia robusta drupes consumed by the Pied Currawong (Strepera graculina). A photographic documentation. nº. Albury, NSW
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2020a). Background to the Palms at Alma Park (NSW) I: Alma Park Lutheran Church. nº. Albury, NSW
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2020b). Background to the Palms at Alma Park (NSW) II: Netherlands Homestead. nº. Albury, NSW
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2020c). Background to the Palms at Alma Park (NSW) III: Glenalvon Homestead. nº. Albury, NSW
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2020d) Frugivory and seed dispersal revisited: codifying the plant-centred net benefit of animal-mediated interactions. Flora, 263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2019.151534
Spennemann, D. H. R., Kent, K., & Cook, R. (2018). Uninvited guests: Mass Emergence of Scolytinid Beetles in a Seed Germination Experiment and its Management. Institute for Land, Water and Society Report, nº 118. Albury, NSW
Spennemann, D. H. R., & Pike, M. (2019) Rites of Passage: germination of regurgitated and defecated Phoenix canariensis seeds. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of NSW, 141, 49–59.
Staples, G. W., Herbst, D., & Imada, C. T. (2000) Survey of invasive or potentially invasive cultivated plants in Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 65.
Sumianah, G. M., Makki, Y. M., & Rumney, T. G. (1984) Changes in the chemical composition of three cultivars of date seed during germination. Date Palm Journal, 3(2), 395–407.
Williams, P. A. (2008). Biological success and weediness of some terrestrial weeds not presently in the Northland Regional Council's RPMS. Prepared for: Northland Regional Council. nº. Nelson
Wotherspoon, S. H., & Wotherspoon, J. A. (2002). The evolution and execution of a plan for invasive weed eradication and control, Rangitoto Island, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. In C. R. Veitch & M. N. Clout (Eds.), Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species. Proceedings of the International Conference on Eradication of Island Invasives (pp. 381-388). Cambridge: IUCN.
Zona, S. (2008) The horticultural history of the Canary Island Date Palm (Phoenix canariensis). Garden History, 36, 301–308.
Downloads
Published
2020-12-31
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Prof. , Ms
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright in their articles.
Articles in the European Journal of Ecology published 2020 and after are made available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
Articles in the European Journal of Ecology published 2015-2019 are made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 license.
How to Cite
Spennemann, D. H., Pike, M., & Robinson, W. (2020). Germination rates of old and fresh seeds and their implications on invasiveness of the ornamental Canary Islands date palm (Phoenix canariensis). European Journal of Ecology, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.17161/eurojecol.v6i2.13474
