Regeneration Status and Carbon Accumulation Potential in Community Managed Sal (Shorea robusta) Forests of Far-Western Terai Region, Nepal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17161/eurojecol.v7i1.15005Keywords:
Carbon pool, Community forests, Nepal, Regeneration, Sal (Shorea robusta)Abstract
Regeneration patterns of species population can address climate change by adaptive evolution or by migrating association to survival in their favorable climate and finally decide the particular forest future. This research examined the status of regeneration and carbon sequestration potential in tropical Sal (Shorea robusta) forest of Kanchanpur district, Nepal. For the study, a total of 63 concentric sample plots were investigated by using systematic sampling with 0.5% sampling intensity. Regeneration status of forest was estimated by calculating the density of each species in each developmental phase. The above-ground carbon stock of trees species were estimated using allometric equations. The studied forests had good regeneration status and Shorea robusta was the dominant species in terms of regeneration and carbon stock. Ramnagar community forest had greater number of seedling, sapling and tree than that of the Ganesh community forest. Reverse J-shaped population curves were recorded at both the study sites. This study provided information about the regeneration status, structure, composition and carbon sequestration potential of tree species which is very necessary for conservation and sustainable management of community forests. Studies indicate that community management has increased the carbon stock of forests and also has promoted the productivity of forests by altering the structure and composition of the community forests.
References
Acharya, K. P. (2002). Twenty-four years of community forestry in Nepal. International Forestry Review, 4(2), 149-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1505/IFOR.4.2.149.17447
Acharya, K. P. (2003). Changing the strategy for community forestry in Nepal: The case for active management. Journal of forest policy, 10(1), 43-50.
Acharya, K.P., Khadka, S., Lekhak, H.D., Chaudhary, R.P. and Vetaas, O. R. (2007). Species composition and regeneration of coniferous forest in Manang. In Local effects of Global Changes in the Himalayas: Manang, Nepal (eds.) Chaudhary, RP, TH Aase, OR Vetaas and BP Subedi. Tribhuvan University, Nepal and University of Bergen, Norway. pp. 199 (total p. 223).
Adhikari, S. (2016). Growing money from carbon. Kathmandu, 2016.http://www.communityredd.net. Accessed on 5 July, 2020.
Awasthi, N., Aryal, K., Chhetri, B. B. K., Bhandari, S. K., Khanal, Y., Gotame, P. and Baral, K. (2020). Reflecting on species diversity and regeneration dynamics of scientific forest management practices in Nepal. Forest Ecology and Management, 474, 118378. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118378
Awasthi, N., Bhandari, S. K. and Khanal, Y. (2015). Does scientific forest management promote plant species diversity and regeneration in Sal (Shorea robusta) forest? A case study from Lumbini collaborative forest, Rupandehi, Nepal. Banko Janakari, 25(1), 20-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/banko.v25i1.13468
Basyal, S., Lekhak, H. D. and Devkota, A. (2011). Regeneration of Shorea robusta. Gaertn in tropical forest of Palpa district, central Nepal. Scientific world, 9(9), 53-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v9i9.5519
Bhattarai, K. and Conway, D. (2008). Evaluating land use dynamics and forest cover change in Nepal’s Bara district (1973–2003). Human Ecology, 36(1), 81-95. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-007-9144-3
Brown, S., Gillespie, A. J. and Lugo, A. E. (1989). Biomass estimation methods for tropical forests with applications to forest inventory data. Forest science, 35(4), 881-902. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/35.4.881
Brown, S., Sathaye, J., Cannell, M. and KAUPPI, P. E. (1996). Mitigation of carbon emissions to the atmosphere by forest management. The Commonwealth Forestry Review, 80-91.
Ceccon, E., Sánchez, S. and Campo, J. (2004). Tree seedling dynamics in two abandoned tropical dry forests of differing successional status in Yucatán, Mexico: a field experiment with N and P fertilization. Plant ecology, 170(2), 277-285. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:VEGE.0000021699.63151.47
Chand, H. B., Singh, H. and Chhetri, R. (2018) Carbon Sequestration Potential in Sahid Smriti Community Forest: A Case Study of Terai Region of Nepal, December.
Chaturvedi, R. K., Raghubanshi, A. S. and Singh, J. S. (2012). Effect of grazing and harvesting on diversity, recruitment and carbon accumulation of juvenile trees in tropical dry forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 284, 152-162.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.07.053
Chauhan, P. S., Negi, J. D. S., Singh, L. O. K. E. N. D. E. R. and Manhas, R. K. (2008). Regeneration status of Sal forests of Doon Valley. Annals of Forestry, 16(2), 178-182.
Chave, J., Andalo, C., Brown, S., Cairns, M. A., Chambers, J. Q., Eamus, D., Fölster, H., Fromard. F., Higuchi, N., Kira, T., Lescure, J. P., Nelson, B. W., Ogawa, H., Puig, H., Riéra, B. and Yamakura, T. (2005). Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests. Oecologia, 145: 87-99
Chhetri, B. B. K., Lund, J. F. and Nielsen, Ø. J. (2012). The public finance potential of community forestry in Nepal. Ecological Economics, 73, 113-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.09.023
Condit, R., Hubbell, S. P. and Foster, R. B. (1996). Changes in tree species abundance in a neotropical forest: impact of climate change. Journal of tropical ecology, 12, 231-256.
Curtice, J. (1959). The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An ordination of plant communities. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison,Wisconsin, pp. 657.
DFRS, 2015. State of Nepal's Forests. Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) Nepal, Department of Forest Research and Survey (DFRS). Kathmandu, Nepal. Publication No. 5 (December). DOI: https://doi.org/978-9937-8896-3-6
DFRS. 2014a. Terai forests of Nepal (2010-2012). Forest resource assessment Nepal project/Department of Forest Research and Survey, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
DFRS. 2014b. Churia forests of Nepal (2011-2013). Forest resource assessment Nepal project/Department of Forest Research and Survey, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Dixon, R. K., Solomon, A. M., Brown, S., Houghton, R. A., Trexier, M. C., & Wisniewski, J. (1994). Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science, 263(5144), 185-190. DOI: 10.1126/science.263.5144.185
Figueroa-Rangel, B. L. and Olvera-Vargas, M. (2000). Regeneration patterns in relation to canopy species composition and site variables in mixed oak forests in the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. Ecological Research, 15(3), 249-261. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1703.2000.00346.x
Gautam, K. H. and Devoe, N. N. (2006). Ecological and anthropogenic niches of sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.) forest and prospects for multiple-product forest management–a review. Forestry, 79(1), 81-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpi063
Giri, A., Aryal, B., Bhattarai, B., Ghimire, S. K., Shrestha, K. K. and Jha, P. K. (1999). Vegetation composition, biomass production and regeneration in Shorea robusta forests in the Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal. Nepal Journal of Science and technology, 1(1).
Hobley, M. (1996). Participatory forestry: the process of change in India and Nepal. Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London.
IPCC, (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate. Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. Agenda, 6(07), 333.
Johnson, I. and Coburn, R. (2010). Trees for carbon sequestration. Prime Facts, Industry and Investment, NSW Government.
Joshi, R., Chhetri, R., Yadav, K. (2019). Vegeatation Analysis in Community Forests of Terai Region, Nepal. International Journal of Environmental Science 8(3): 68-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/ije.v8i3.26667
Joshi, R., Singh, H., Chhetri, R., Yadav, R. (2020). Assessment of Carbon Sequestration Potential in Degraded and Non-Degraded Community Forests in Terai Region of Nepal. Journal of Forest and Environmental Science, 36 (2): 113-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7747/JFES.2020.36.2.113
Kandel, D. R. (2007). Vegetation structure and regeneration of sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) in community managed forests of inner Terai, central Nepal. Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Kanel, K. R. (2006). Current status of community forestry in Nepal. A Paper Submitted to Regional Community Forestry Training Center for Asia and the Pacific (RECOFTC), Bangkok. Retrieved April, 10, 2020.
Khumbongmayum, A. D., Khan, M. L. and Tripathi, R. S. (2005). Survival and growth of seedlings of a few tree species in the four sacred groves of Manipur, Northeast India. Current Science, pp. 1781-1788.
Lutze, M., Ades, P. and Campbell, R. (2004). Review of measures of site occupancy by regeneration. Australian Forestry, 67(3), 164-171. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2004.10674930
MacDicken, K. G. (1997). A guide to monitoring carbon storage in forestry and agroforestry projects.Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Arlington, USA, 87.
Malik, Z. A. and Bhatt, A. B. (2016). Regeneration status of tree species and survival of their seedlings in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary and its adjoining areas in Western Himalaya, India. Tropical Ecology, 57(4), 677-690.
Måren, I. E., Karki, S., Prajapati, C., Yadav, R. K. and Shrestha, B. B. (2015). Facing north or south: Does slope aspect impact forest stand characteristics and soil properties in a semiarid trans-Himalayan valley? Journal of arid environments, 121, 112-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.06.004
Mishra, A. K., Bajpai, O., Sahu, N., Kumar, A., Behera, S. K., Mishra, R. M. and Chaudhary, L. B. (2013). Study of plant regeneration potential in tropical moist deciduous forest in northern India. International Journal of Environment, 2(1), 153-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/ije.v2i1.9218
MoFE (2019). Forest Act 2019. Ministry of Forests and Environment (MoFE), Government of Nepal, Kathmandu.
MoFSC (1993). Forest Act 1993. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MoFSC), Government of Nepal, Kathmandu.
MoFSC (1995). Forest Regulation 1995. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MoFSC), Government of Nepal, Kathmandu.
MoFSC (2010). “Forest Carbon Estimation Guideline”. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Singh durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal,2010.[Accessed on June-27, 2020].
Napit, R. (2015). Species Diversity, Forest Community Structure and Regeneration in Banke National Park. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 16(1), 17-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v16i1.14354
Nguyen, T. T. and Baker, P. J. (2016). Structure and composition of deciduous dipterocarp forest in Central Vietnam: patterns of species dominance and regeneration failure. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 9(5-6), 589-601. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2016.1210261
Ojha, H., Timsina, N. and Khanal, D. (2007). How are forest policy decision made in Nepal? Journal of Forest and Livelihoods, 6(1): 1-17.
Onaindia, M., Dominguez, I., Albizu, I., Garbisu, C. and Amezaga, I. (2004). Vegetation diversity and vertical structure as indicators of forest disturbance. Forest Ecology and Management, 195(3), 341-354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.02.059
Pallardy, S. G. (2010). Physiology of woody plants. Academic Press.
Pandey, H. P., Maren, I. E. and Dutta, I. C. (2012). REDD+ in community forests, western Nepal: A case from Gorkha district, central himalaya.
Pathak, B. R., Yi, X. and Bohara, R. (2017). Community based forestry in Nepal: Status, issues and lessons learned. International Journal of Sciences, 6(3), 119-129. DOI:https://doi.org/10.18483/ijsci.1232
Sagar, R., Raghubanshi, A. S. and Singh, J. S. (2008). Comparison of community composition and species diversity of understorey and overstorey tree species in a dry tropical forest of northern India. Journal of Environmental Management, 88(4), 1037-1046. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.05.013
Saner, P., Loh, Y. Y., Ong, R. C. and Hector, A. (2012). Carbon stocks and fluxes in tropical lowland dipterocarp rainforests in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. PloS one, 7(1), e29642. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029642
Sapkota, I. P., Tigabu, M. and Odén, P. C. (2009). Spatial distribution, advanced regeneration and stand structure of Nepalese Sal (Shorea robusta) forests subject to disturbances of different intensities. Forest Ecology and Management, 257(9), 1966-1975. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.02.008
Saxena, A. K., Singh, S. P. and Singh, J. S. (1984). Population structure of forests of Kumaun Himalaya: Implications for management. Journal of Environmental Management, 19(4), 307-324.
Shameem, S. A. and Kangroo, I. N. (2011). Comparative assessment of edaphic features and phytodiversity in lower Dachigam National Park, Kashmir Himalaya, India. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(11), 972-984.
Shrestha, T. (2009). Vegetation composition and regeneration of Shorea robusta Gaertn. in community managed and protected forests of Surkhet district [M. Sc. Dissertation]. Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Singh J.S., Gupta S.R. and Singh S.P. (2006). Ecology, environment and resource conservation. Anamaya publishers, New Delhi.
Singh, J. S. (1992). Forests of Himalaya: Structure, functioning and impact of man. CGyanodaya Prakashan.
Stork, N. E. (2010). Re-assessing current extinction rates. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(2), 357-371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9761-9
Timilsina, N., Ross, M. S. and Heinen, J. T. (2007). A community analysis of sal (Shorea robusta) forests in the western Terai of Nepal. Forest Ecology and Management, 241(1-3), 223-234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.01.012
Tripathi, R. S. and Khan, M. L. (2007). Regeneration dynamics of natural forests. PROCEEDINGS-INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY, 73(3), 167.
UNFCCC, Paris, COP 21, (2010). Information Hub. http://unfccc.int/focus/climate_finance/items/7001.php. Accessed on 16 April, 2020.
Ward, J. S., Worthley, T. E., Smallidge, P. J. and Bennett, K. P. (2006). Northeastern forest regeneration handbook. A guide for forest owners, harvesting practitioners, and public officials. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, Newtown Square.
Wei, X., Shao, M., Gale, W. and Li, L. (2014). Global pattern of soil carbon losses due to the conversion of forests to agricultural land. Scientific reports, 4(1), 1-6.
Zhou, G., Liu, S., Li, Z., Zhang, D., Tang, X., Zhou, C. and Mo, J. (2006). Old-growth forests can accumulate carbon in soils. Science, 314(5804), 1417-1417.DOI: 10.1126/science.1130168
Zobel, D. B., Jha, P. K., Behan, M. J. and Yadav, U. K. R. (1987). A practical manual for ecology. Ratna Book Distributors, Bagbazar, Kathmandu, Nepal, 149.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Rajeev Joshi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright in their articles.
Articles in the European Journal of Ecology published 2020 and after are made available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
Articles in the European Journal of Ecology published 2015-2019 are made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 license.