Education Versus Athletics: What Will Division I Football and Basketball Players Choose?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17161/jas.v5i1.7731Keywords:
College athletics, commercialization, academic misconductAbstract
For many years the desire for money and winning in Division I athletics, particularly in the sports of football (Football Bowl Subdivision) and men’s basketball, have encouraged colleges and universities to provide special admission for athletes with exceptional athletic ability, who in turn, often are less prepared to succeed academically. This has resulted in the widespread occurrence of unethical academic support practices (e.g., taking classes and writing papers for students and providing answers to exams) in order to maintain athletes’ eligibility and increase graduation rates to appease the public and to present the case that intercollegiate athletic are about education first. As one means of curbing academic misconduct, the authors recommend providing Division I football and basketball the option of playing their sport only without any academic eligibility requirement. Athletes who are struggling academically or lack academic commitment would no longer need to be bolstered by illegitimate academic support or less than accurate metrics. The present exploratory study sought to determine how many Division I football and basketball players would choose the option of playing their sport only versus playing and pursuing their degree under current National Collegiate Athletic Association Guidelines (NCAA) guidelines. The results showed that the majority would still choose to play and pursue their degree. Overall, the belief that one can play professionally did not diminish athletes’ desire to play and earn their degree. However, there were also a percentage of athletes that believed they can play professionally and also desired to play their sport only.
References
References
About the Knight Commission (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.knightcommission.org/about-knight-commission/
Adler, P., & Adler, P. A. (1985). From idealism to pragmatic detachment: The
academic performance of college athletes. Sociology of Education, 58, 241-250.
Axe, B. (2015, January 21). Report: NCAA investigating 20 schools for academic
fraud. Syracuse.com. Retrieved from http://www.syracuse.com/axeman/index.ssf/2015/01/report_ncaa_investigating_20_schools_for_academic_fraud.html
Barker, J. (December 22, 2012). ‘Special admissions’ bring colleges top athletes,
educational challenges. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved from http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2012-12-22/sports/bs-sp-acc-sports-special-admits-20121222_1_athletes-special-admissions-special-admits
Center for the Study of Athletics.(1988). Report No. 1: Summary results from the 1987-
national study of intercollegiate athletes. Palo Alto, CA: American Institutes for
Research.
Coakley, J. (2009). Sports in society (10th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Davies, R. O. (2007). Sports in American life: A history. Malden, MA: Blackwell
Publishing.
Edelman, M. (2017). From student-athletes to employee-athletes: Why pay for play
model of college sports would not necessarily make educational scholarships taxable. Boston College Law Review 58(4), 1137-1168.
Finley, P. & Fountain, J. (2009). Academic majors of upperclassmen football players
in the Atlantic Coast Conference: An analysis of academic clustering comparing white and minority players. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 2, 1-13.
French, P. (2004). Ethics and college sports: Ethics, sports, and the university. Lanham, MD:
Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Gaston-Gayles, J. L. (2005). The factor structure and reliability of the student athletes’
motivation toward sports and academics questionnaire. Journal of College Student Development, 46(3), 317-327. Doi: 10. 1353/csd.2005.0025
Gurney, G., Lopiano, E., Snyder, D., Willingham, M., Meyer, J., Porto, B.,..Zimbalist,
A. (2015). The Drake Group position statement: Why the NCAA Academic Progress Rate (APR) and Graduation Success Rate (GSR) should be abandoned and replaced with more effective academic metrics. Retrieved from http://thedrakegroup.org
Gurney, G., Lopiano, D. A., Zimbalist, A. (2017). Unwinding madness: What went wrong
with college sports and how to fix it. Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Guttman, A. (1988). The anomaly of intercollegiate athletics. In J. Andre & D. N.,
James (Eds.), Rethinking college athletics (pp. 17-30). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Jacobs, P. (2015, January 27). Here’s the insane amount of time student-athletes spend
on practice. Business Insider. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/college-student-athletes-spend-40-hours-a-week-practicing-2015-1
James, E. (2016, July 7). Former Georgia Southern staff members provided
impermissible academic assistance. NCAA.org. Retrieved from http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/media-center/news/former-georgia-southern-staff-members-provided-impermissible-academic-assistance
Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2012). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative,
and mixed approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Kelderman, E. (2018, January 28). Who should oversee athletes’ academic progress?
The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/article/Who-Should-Oversee-Athletes-/242351
Lapchick, R., & Balasundarum, Bharath. (2017). The 2017 racial and gender report card:
National Basketball Association. Retrieved from the University of Central Florida, The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport website: http://nebula.wsimg.com/74491b38503915f2f148062ff076e698?AccessKeyId=DAC3A56D8FB782449D2A&disposition=0&alloworigin=1
Lapchick, R., Estrella, B., Stewart, C., New, C., Costa, G., Bredikhina, N.,...Gerhart, Z.
(2017). Keeping score when it counts: Assessing the academic records of the 2017-2018 bowl-bound college football teams. Retrieved from the University of Central Florida, The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport website: http://nebula.wsimg.com/7edde8c6211f043ecc7621cae6d9ce16?AccessKeyId=DAC3A56D8FB782449D2A&disposition=0&alloworigin=1
Lapchick, R., & Liang, K. H. (2017). Keeping score when it counts: Academic
progress/graduation success rate study of 2107 NCAA Division I men’s and women’s basketball tournament teams. Retrieved from the University of Central Florida, The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport website: http://nebula.wsimg.com/63037e2d226dc6cdac787a498f2ddaf6?AccessKeyId=DAC3A56D8FB782449D2A&disposition=0&alloworigin=1
Lapchick, R. & Marfatia, S. (2017). The 2017 racial and gender report card: National Football
League. Retrieved from the University of Central Florida, The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport website: http://nebula.wsimg.com/1a7f83c14af6a516176740244d8afc46?AccessKeyId=DAC3A56D8FB782449D2A&disposition=0&alloworigin=1
Lumpkin, A., Stoll, S. K., & Beller, J. M. (2003). Spot ethics: Applications for fair play. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
National Collegiate Athletic Association core values. National Collegiate Athletic
Association. Retrieved from http://www.ncaa.org/about/ncaa-core-values
NCAA Division I manual (2017-18). Indianapolis, IN: NCAA.
Nixon, H. L. (2014). The athletic trap: How college sports corrupted the academy. Baltimore,
MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
O’Brien, J. (2015, March 6). Summary: What did Syracuse do wrong? NCAA cites
academic fraud, extra benefits, drug policy. Syracuse.com. Retrieved from http://www.syracuse.com/orangesports/index.ssf/2015/03/ncaa_finds_syracuse_violated_drug_policy_committed_academic_fraud_gave_extra_ben.html
Oriard, M. (2012). NCAA academic reform: History, context, and challenges. Journal of
Intercollegiate Sport, 5, 4-18.
Phillips, M. (2009). Un-equal protection: Preferential admissions treatment for student
athletes. Alabama Law Review 60(3), 751-782.
Rader, B. J. (2004). American sports: From the age of folk games to the age of televised sports
(fifth ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Ridpath, B. D. (2002). NCAA Division I student athlete characteristics as indicators
of academic achievement and graduation from college. Published Dissertation, West Virginia University. Ann Arbor, MI: Pro Quest.
Ridpath, B. (2018). Alternative models of sport development in America: Solutions to a crisis in
education and public education. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press/Swallow Books.
Ridpath, B. D., Kiger, J., Eagle, T. & Mak, J. (2007). “Factors That Influence the
Academic Performance of NCAA Division I Athletes.” SMART Journal, 4(1), 59–83.
Ridpath, B. D. (2010). Perceptions of NCAA Division I athletes on motivations
concerning the use of specialized academic support services in the era of the Academic Progress Rate. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 3, 253-271.
Ridpath, B. D., Gurney, G., & Snyder, E. (2015). NCAA academic fraud cases and
historical consistency: A comparative content analysis, Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport, 25(2), 75–103.
Sage, G. H., & Eitzen, D. S. (2016). Sociology of North American Sport (10th ed.). New
York: Oxford University Press.
Savage, H. J., Bentley, H. W., McGovern, J. T., & Smiley, D. F. (1929) American
College Athletics (Bulletin no. 23). New York: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Schulmen. J. L., & Bowen, W. G. (2001). The game of life: College sports and educational
value. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sellers, R. M. (1992). Racial differences in the predictors for academic achievement of
student-athletes in Division I revenue producing sports. Sociology of Sport Journal, 9, 48-59.
Shenouda, S. (November 10, 2014). Schlissel talks athletic culture and academic
performance issues. The Michigan Daily. Retrieved from https://www.michigandaily.com/article/schlissel-talks-athletics-and-administration-sacua
Simon, R. L. (1985). Intercollegiate athletics: Do they belong on campus? In J. Andre
& D. N., James (Eds.), Rethinking college athletics (pp. 17-30). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Simon, R. L., Torres, C. R., Hager, P. F. (2015). Fair play: The ethics of sport (Fourth ed.).
Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Simons, H. D., Rheenen, D. V., Covington, M. V. (1999). Academic motivation and
the student athlete. Journal of College Student Development, 40(2), 151-161.
Smith, R. A. (1988). Sports & freedom. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Smith, J. M., & Willingham, M. (2015). Cheated: The UNC scandal, the education of athletes,
and the future of big-time college sports. Lincoln, NE: Potomac Books.
Thamel, P. (2006, February 25). Schools where the only real test is basketball. The New
York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/25/sports/ncaabasketball/schools-where-the-only-real-test-is-basketball.html
Weistart, J. C. (1987, July-Aug). College sports reform: Where are the faculty? Duke
Law Magazine, 6(2), 9-15.
Wolverton, B. (2014, December 30). Confessions of a fixer: How one former coach
perpetuated a cheating scheme that benefitted hundreds of athletes. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/interactives/fixer_main
Zinser, L. (March 6, 2009). N.C.A.A Penalizes Florida State for academic fraud. The
New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/07/sports/ncaafootball/07ncaa.html
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC-BY-NC-ND) License
1. License. You retain the copyright for your work. You here by grant to us a worldwide, non-exclusive, perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free, sublicensable license to:
• Reproduce, distribute and display the edited manuscript in the Journal of Amateur Sport (and other publications prepared by us or on our behalf) in any media now or hereafter known (including without limitation electronic publications such as the Internet, Google Scholar, and social media)
We do not restrict your distribution or use of the manuscript following publication in the Journal of Amateur Sport (in fact, we encourage it!). However, we have the right to publish the manuscript first on the journal website. Thus, the foregoing licenses are exclusive to us prior to our publication of the manuscript. You confirm that you have disclosed to us all previous or pending public disseminations of the manuscript, including without limitation any publications or acceptances by other journals or disseminations via websites or conference proceedings.
2. Other Confirmations. You confirm that you are the manuscripts sole author(s); you have the right to convey the foregoing licenses; the manuscript does not infringe any third party copyright, publicity/privacy right or other proprietary right; and the manuscript is not defamatory or otherwise unlawful. You shall defend and indemnify us against all claims based on any alleged breach of your confirmations in this contract.
Compensation: You will receive one (1) free copy (PDF) of the article published online in the Journal of Amateur Sport. You will receive no royalty or other monetary return from the Journal of Amateur Sport for use of the article. You do, however, have our extreme gratitude!
3. Entire Contract. This contract is the sole and exclusive agreement between the parties regarding the manuscript and supersedes all prior conversations and understandings regarding its subject matter. This contract may be modified or supplemented only by a mutually signed writing.