Cracking the Copyright Dilemma in Software Preservation
Protecting Digital Culture through Fair Use Consensus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17161/jcel.v3i3.10267Abstract
Copyright problems may inhibit the crucially important work of preserving legacy software. Such software is worthy of study in its own right because it is critical to accessing digital culture and expression. Preservation work is essential for communicating across boundaries of the past and present in a digital era. Software preservationists in the United States have addressed their copyright problems by developing a code of best practices in employing fair use. Their work is an example of how collective action by users of law changes the norms and beliefs about law, which can in turn change the law itself insofar as the law takes account of community norms and practices. The work of creating the code involved facilitators who are communication, information sciences, and legal scholars and practitioners. Thus, the creation of the code is also an example of crossing the boundaries between technology and policy research.
Metrics
References
Asay, Clark D. (in press). Is transformative use eating the world? Boston College Law Review. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3332682
Association of Research Libraries. (2012). Code of best practices in fair use for academic and research libraries. Retrieved from Center for Media & Social Impact website: https://cmsimpact.org/code/code-best-practices-fair-use-academic-research-libraries/
Association of Research Libraries. (2018). Code of best practices in fair use for software preservation. Retrieved from Center for Media & Social Impact website: cmsimpact.org/software
Aufderheide, P., Butler, B., Cox, K., & Jaszi, P. (2018). The copyright permissions culture in software preservation and its implications for the cultural record. Retrieved from Association of Research Libraries website: https://www.arl.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2018.02.09_CopyrightPermissionsCulture.pdf
Aufderheide, P., & Jaszi, P. (2018). Reclaiming fair use: How to put balance back in copyright (Second edition). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Aufderheide, P., Milosevic, T., & Bello, B. (2016). The impact of copyright permissions culture on the US visual arts community: The consequences of fear of fair use. New Media & Society, 18(9), 2012–2027 https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444815575018
Aufderheide, P., Pappalardo, K., Suzor, N., & Stevens, J. (2018). Calculating the consequences of narrow Australian copyright exceptions: Measurable, hidden and incalculable costs to creators. Poetics, 69, 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2018.05.005
Ayre, C., & Muir, A. (2004). Right to preserve? Copyright and licensing for digital preservation project: Final report. Retrieved from Loughborough University website: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/343
Benkler, Y. (2006). The wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Braman, S. (2003). Communication researchers and policy-making. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose, 510 U.S. 569 (1994).
Chamberlain v. Skylink, 381 F.3d 1178 (Fed. Cir. 2004).
Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101 et seq. (1976).
DeNardis, L. (2014). The global war for Internet governance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Donaldson, M. (2010). Fair use: What a difference a decade makes. Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A., 57(3), 331–335.
Engle, E. (2016, January 22). Intellectual property rights issues for software emulation: An interview with Euan Cochrane, Zach Vowell, and Jessica Meyerson [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://blogs.loc.gov/thesignal/2016/01/intellectual-property-rights-issues-for-software-emulation-an-interview-with-euan-cochrane-zach-vowell-and-jessica-meyerson/
Falzone, A., & Urban, J. (2010). Demystifying fair use: The gift of the Center for Social Media statements of best practices. Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A., 57(3), 337–350.
Gillespie, T. (2009). Characterizing copyright in the classroom: The cultural work of antipiracy campaigns. Communication, Culture & Critique, 2(3), 274–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-9137.2009.01039.x
Kraus, K. (2011). “A counter-friction to the machine”: What game scholars, librarians, and archivists can learn from machinima makers about user activism. Journal of Visual Culture, 10(1), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470412910391576
Lee, K., & Albert, K. (2018). A preservationist’s guide to the DMCA exemption for software preservation. Retrieved from Software Preservation Network website: http://softwarepn.webmasters21.com/1201-exemption-guide-for-software-preservationists/
Lessig, L. (2004). Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control creativity. New York: Penguin Press.
Lessig, L. (2008). Remix: Making art and commerce thrive in the hybrid economy. New York: Penguin Press.
Library Copyright Alliance. (2016). Statement of the Library Copyright Alliance on the Copyright Office’s notice of inquiry concerning Section 108 of the Copyright Act. Retrieved from Library Copyright Alliance website: https://www.librarycopyrightalliance.org/documents/united-states-documents/section-108-of-the-copyright-act/lca-issues-statement-on-the-copyright-offices-notice-of-inquiry-concerning-section-108-of-the-copyright-act/
Litman, J. (2001). Digital copyright: Protecting intellectual property on the Internet. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Madison, M. J. (2004). A pattern-oriented approach to fair use. William and Mary Law Review, 45(4), 1525–2425.
McDonough, J., Olendorf, R., Kirschenbaum, M., Kraus, K., Reside, D., Donahue, R., . . . Rojo, S. (2010). Preserving virtual worlds: Final report. Retrieved from Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship website: https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/17097
McLeod, K. (2005). Freedom of expression: Overzealous copyright bozos and other enemies of creativity. New York: Doubleday.
MDY v. Blizzard, 629 F.3d 928 (9th Cir. 2010).
Meyerson, J. (2017, November). Software preservation network: The access breakdown and system level change. Paper presented at the ADE Summit, Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://digitalpreservation.gov/meetings/ade/slides/session4_speaker2_Meyerson.pdf
Meyerson, J. (2018). Software preservation network lit review. Retrieved from osf.io/qdsyc
Napoli, P. M., & Aslama, M. (2011). Communications research in action: Scholar-activist collaborations for a democratic public sphere (First edition). New York: Fordham University Press.
Netanel, N. (2011). Making sense of fair use. Lewis & Clark Law Review, 15(3), 715–772.
Patry, W. (2009). Moral panics and the copyright wars. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rinehart, R., & Ippolito, J. (2014). Re-collection: Art, new media, and social memory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Rosenthal, D. (2015). Emulation & virtualization as preservation strategies. Retrieved from Andrew W. Mellon Foundation website: https://mellon.org/resources/news/articles/emulation-virtualization-preservation-strategies/
Rothenberg, J. (1999). Ensuring the longevity of digital information. Retrieved from CLIR website: www.clir.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/ensuring.pdf
Rothman, J. E. (2007). The questionable use of custom in intellectual property. Virginia Law Review, 93(8), 1899–1982.
Sag, M. (2012). Predicting fair use. Ohio State Law Journal, 73(1), 47–91.
Samuelson, P. (2009). Unbundling fair uses. Retrieved from Berkeley Law website: https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/1521/
Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley, 273 F.3d 429 (2nd Cir. 2001).
US Copyright Office (2018, April). Copyright Office Section 1201 roundtable hearing transcript April 12, 2018. Roundtable held at the James Madison Building, Washington, DC. Transcript retrieved from copyright.gov website: https://www.copyright.gov/1201/2018/hearing-transcripts/1201-Rulemaking-Public-Roundtable-04-12-2018.pdf
Weeramuni, L. (2019). How to fight fair use fear, uncertainty, and doubt: The experience of one open educational resource. Journal of Copyright in Education and Librarianship, 3(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.17161/jcel.v3i1.9751
Weston, C. (2017). Section 108 of Title 17: A discussion document of the Register of Copyrights. Retrieved from copyright.gov website: https://www.copyright.gov/policy/section108/discussion-document.pdf.
