Standardized protocol for collecting bee samples to generate molecular data

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17161/jom.vi123.22596

Abstract

This protocol provides guidance on the appropriate collection of bee specimens or tissue samples for molecular analysis, with an emphasis on generating genetic and genomic data while ensuring tissue integrity. Specifically, the protocol focuses on tissue collection and storage methods, including relevant specimen metadata recording and reporting, but does not cover any downstream handling or analyses, which vary depending on the aims of a given project or study. This protocol is specifically designed for freshly collected, individual bee specimens intended for genetic, genomic, or other molecular analyses. While molecular approaches to bee monitoring are not the primary focus, we emphasize their promising role for future applications. This protocol is part of a series developed in association with the U.S. National Native Bee Monitoring Network to standardize bee monitoring practices. 

Metrics

File downloads
426
Feb 22 '25Feb 25 '25Feb 28 '25Mar 01 '25Mar 04 '25Mar 07 '25Mar 10 '25Mar 13 '25Mar 16 '25Mar 19 '25Mar 22 '2590
|

References

Andrade, T.O., K. dos Santos Ramos, M.M. López-Uribe, M.G. Branstetter, & C.R.F. Brandão. 2022. Integrative approach resolves the taxonomy of Eulaema cingulata (Hymenoptera, Apidae), an important pollinator in the Neotropics. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 94: 247–269. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.91001

Avalos, G., R. Trott, J. Ballas, C.H. Lin, C. Raines, D. Iwanowicz, K. Goodell, & R.T. Richardson. 2024. Prospects of pollinator community surveillance using terrestrial environmental DNA metagenetics. Environmental DNA 6(1): e492. https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.492

Ballare, K.M., N.S. Pope, A.R. Castilla, S. Cusser, R.P. Metz, & S. Jha. 2019. Utilizing field collected insects for next generation sequencing: Effects of sampling, storage, and DNA extraction methods. Ecology and Evolution 9(24): 13690–13705. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5756

Blaimer, B.B., M.W. Lloyd, W.X. Guillory, & S.G. Brady. 2016. Sequence capture and phylogenetic utility of genomic ultraconserved elements obtained from pinned insect specimens. PloS One 11(8): e0161531.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161531

Brasil, S.N.R., E.P. Kelemen, & S.M. Rehan. 2023. Historic DNA uncovers genetic effects of climate change and landscape alteration in two wild bee species. Conservation Genetics 24(1): 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-022-01488-w

Carvell, C., A.F.G. Bourke, S. Dreier, S.N. Freeman, S. Hulmes, W.C. Jordan, J.W. Redhead, S. Sumner, J. Wang, & M.S. Heard. 2017. Bumblebee family lineage survival is enhanced in high-quality landscapes. Nature 543(7646): 547–549. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21709

Caterino, M.S., & E. Recuero. 2023. Shedding light on dark taxa in sky‐island Appalachian leaf litter: Assessing patterns of endemicity using large‐scale, voucher‐based barcoding. Insect Conservation and Diversity 17(1): 16–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12697

Černá, K., P. Munclinger, N.J. Vereecken, & J. Straka. 2017. Mediterranean lineage endemism, cold-adapted palaeodemographic dynamics and recent changes in population size in two solitary bees of the genus Anthophora. Conservation Genetics 18: 521–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-017-0952-8

Du Clos, B., K.C. Seltmann, N.E. Turley, C. Maffei, E.M. Tucker, I. Lane, H.K. Levenson, & S.H. Woodard. 2024a. Improving the standardization of wild bee occurrence data: towards a formal wild bee data standard. Journal of Melittology 123(2): 1–x.

Du Clos, B., K.C. Seltmann, N.E. Turley, C. Maffei, E.M. Tucker, I.G. Lane, H.K. Levenson, & S.H. Woodard. 2024b. Templates for The Wild Bee Data Standard (1.0.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14187862.

Exposito-Alonso, M., T. R. Booker, L. Czech, L. Gillespie, S. Hateley, C.C. Kyriazis, P. L.M. Lang, L. Leventhal, D. Nogues-Bravo, V. Pagowski, M. Ruffley, J.P. Spence, S.E. Toro Arana, C.L. Weiß, & E. Zess. 2022. Genetic diversity loss in the Anthropocene. Science 377(6613): 1431–1435. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn5642

French, S.K., M. Pepinelli, I.M. Conflitti, A. Jamieson, H. Higo, J. Common, E.M. Walsh, M. Bixby, M.M. Guarna, S.F. Pernal, S.E. Hoover, R.W. Currie, P. Giovenazzo, E. Guzman-Novoa, D. Borges, L.J. Foster, & A. Zayed. (2024). Honey bee stressor networks are complex and dependent on crop and region. Current Biology 34(9): 1893–1903.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.039

Grewe, F., M.R. Kronforst, N.E. Pierce, & C.S. Moreau. 2021. Museum genomics reveals the Xerces blue butterfly (Glaucopsyche xerces) was a distinct species driven to extinction. Biology Letters 17(7), 20210123. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0123

Gueuning, M., J.E. Frey, & C. Praz. 2020. Ultraconserved yet informative for species delimitation: Ultraconserved elements resolve long-standing systematic enigma in Central European bees. Molecular Ecology 29(21): 4203–4220. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15629

Harper, L.R., M.L. Niemiller, J.B. Benito, L.E. Paddock, E. Knittle, B. Molano-Flores, & M.A. Davis. 2023. BeeDNA: Microfluidic environmental DNA metabarcoding as a tool for connecting plant and pollinator communities. Environmental DNA 5(1): 191–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.370

Herrera‐Mesías, F., C. Bause, S. Ogan, H. Burger, M. Ayasse, A. Weigand, T. Eltz, & M. Ohl. 2022. Double-blind validation of alternative wild bee identification techniques: DNA metabarcoding and in vivo determination in the field. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 93: 189–214. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.93.86723

Holehouse, K.A., R.L. Hammond, & A.F.G. Bourke. 2003. Non-lethal sampling of DNA from bumble bees for conservation genetics. Insectes Sociaux 50: 277–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-003-0672-6

Jackson, J.M., M.L. Pimsler, K. J. Oyen, J.B. Koch-Uhuad, J.D. Herndon, J.P. Strange, M.E. Dillon, & J.D. Lozier. 2018. Distance, elevation and environment as drivers of diversity and divergence in bumble bees across latitude and altitude. Molecular Ecology 27: 2926–2942. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14735

Jaffé, R., J.C. Veiga, N.S. Pope, É.C.M. Lanes, C.S. Carvalho, R. Alves, S.C.S. Andrade, M.C. Arias, V. Bonatti, A.T. Carvalho, M.S. de Castro, F.A.L. Contrera, T.M. Francoy, B.M. Freitas, T.C. Giannini, M. Hrncir, C.F. Martins, G. Oliveira, A.M. Saraiva, & V.L. Imperatriz-Fonseca. 2019. Landscape genomics to the rescue of a tropical bee threatened by habitat loss and climate change. Evolutionary Applications 12: 1164–1177. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12794

Janko, Š., Š. Rok, K. Blaž, B. Danilo, G. Andrej, K. Denis, Č Klemen, & G. Matjaž. 2024. DNA barcoding insufficiently identifies European wild bees (Hymenoptera, Anthophila) due to undefined species diversity, genus‐specific barcoding gaps and database errors. Molecular Ecology Resources 24(5): e13953. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13953

Jha, S., & C. Kremen. 2013. Resource diversity and landscape-level homogeneity drive native bee foraging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110: 555–558. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.120868211

Johnson, M.D., A.D. Katz, M.A. Davis, S. Tetzlaff, D. Edlund, S. Tomczyk, B. Molano‐Flores, T. Wilder, & J.H. Sperry. 2023. Environmental DNA metabarcoding from flowers reveals arthropod pollinators, plant pests, parasites, and potential predator–prey interactions while revealing more arthropod diversity than camera traps. Environmental DNA 5(3): 551–569. https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.411

Jones, O.R., & J. Wang. 2010. COLONY: a program for parentage and sibship inference from multilocus genotype data. Molecular Ecology Resources 10(3): 551–555. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02787.x

Kelemen, E.P., & S.M. Rehan. 2021. Conservation insights from wild bee genetic studies: Geographic differences, susceptibility to inbreeding, and signs of local adaptation. Evolutionary Applications 14: 1485–1496. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13221

Kent, C.F., A. Dey, H. Patel, N. Tsvetkov, T. Tiwari, V.J. MacPhail, Y. Gobeil, B.A. Harpur, J. Gurtowski, M.C. Schatz, S.R. Colla, & A. Zayed. 2018. Conservation genomics of the declining North American bumblebee Bombus terricola reveals inbreeding and selection on immune genes. Frontiers in Genetics 9: 316. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00316

Landaverde-González, P., E. Enríquez, M.A. Ariza, T. Murray, R.J. Paxton, & M. Husemann. 2017. Fragmentation in the clouds? The population genetics of the native bee Partamona bilineata (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) in the cloud forests of Guatemala. Conservation Genetics 18: 631–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-017-0950-x

Levenson, H.K., B. Du Clos, T.A. Smith, S. Jepsen, J.G. Everett, N.M. Williams, & S.H. Woodard. 2024. A call for standardization in wild bee data collection and curation. Journal of Melittology 123(2): 4–17. https://doi.org/10.17161/jom.vi123.22533

Lewin, H.A., G.E. Robinson, W.J. Kress, W.J. Baker, J. Coddington, K.A. Crandall, R. Durbin, S.V. Edwards, F. Forest, M.T.P. Gilbert, M.M. Goldstein, I.V. Grigoriev, K.J. Hackett, D. Haussler, E.D. Jarvis, W.E. Johnson, A. Patrinos, S. Richards, J.C. Castilla-Rubio, & G. Zhang. 2018. Earth BioGenome Project: Sequencing life for the future of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115: 4325–4333. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720115115

López-Uribe, M.M., E.A. Almeida, & D.A. Alves. 2025. Adapting to change: Bee pollinator signatures in anthropized environments. Current Opinion in Insect Science 68:101297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2024.101297

López‐Uribe, M.M., K.R. Zamudio, C.F. Cardoso, & B.N. Danforth. 2014. Climate, physiological tolerance and sex‐biased dispersal shape genetic structure of Neotropical orchid bees. Molecular Ecology 23(7): 1874–1890. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12689

López‐Uribe, M.M., S. Jha, & A. Soro. 2019. A trait‐based approach to predict population genetic structure in bees. Molecular Ecology 28(8): 1919–1929. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15028

López-Uribe, M.M., Soro, A., & S. Jha. 2017. Conservation genetics of bees: advances in the application of molecular tools to guide bee pollinator conservation. Conservation Genetics 18: 501–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-017-0975-1

Lozier, J.D. 2014. Revisiting comparisons of genetic diversity in stable and declining species: assessing genome-wide polymorphism in North American bumble bees using RAD sequencing. Molecular Ecology 23(4): 788–801. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12636

Lozier, J.D., & A. Zayed. 2017. Bee conservation in the age of genomics. Conservation Genetics 18(3): 713–729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-016-0893-7

Lozier, J.D., J.P. Strange, & S.D. Heraghty. 2023. Whole genome demographic models indicate divergent effective population size histories shape contemporary genetic diversity gradients in a montane bumble bee. Ecology and Evolution 13(2): e9778. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9778

Marquina, D., M. Buczek, F. Ronquist, & P. Łukasik. 2021. The effect of ethanol concentration on the morphological and molecular preservation of insects for biodiversity studies. PeerJ 9: e10799. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10799

McGrady, C.M., J.P. Strange, M.M. López-Uribe, & S.J. Fleischer. 2021. Wild bumble bee colony abundance, scaled by field size, predicts pollination services. Ecosphere 12(9): e03735. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3735

Mola, J.M., C. Stuligross, M.L. Page, D. Rutkowski, & N.M. Williams. 2021. Impact of “non-lethal” tarsal clipping on bumble bees (Bombus vosnesenskii) may depend on queen stage and worker size. Journal of Insect Conservation 25: 195–201. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10799

Mola, J.M., I.S. Pearse, M.L. Boone, E. Evans, M.J. Hepner, R.P. Jean, J.M. Kochanski, C. Nordmeyer, E. Runquist, T.A. Smith, J.P. Strange, J. Watson, & J.B.U. Koch. 2024. Range-wide genetic analysis of an endangered bumble bee (Bombus affinis, Hymenoptera: Apidae) reveals population structure, isolation by distance, and low colony abundance. Journal of Insect Science 24(2): 19. https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/ieae041

Monckton, S.K., S. Johal, & L. Packer. 2020. Inadequate treatment of taxonomic information prevents replicability of most zoological research. Canadian Journal of Zoology 98(9): 633–642. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2020-0027

Mulcahy, D.G., K.S. Macdonald, S.G. Brady, C. Meyer, K.B. Barker, & J. Coddington. 2016. Greater than X kb: a quantitative assessment of preservation conditions on genomic DNA quality, and a proposed standard for genome-quality DNA. PeerJ 4: e2528. https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2202v1

Nachman, M.W., E.J. Beckman, R.C. Bowie, C. Cicero, C.J. Conroy, R. Dudley, T.B. Hayes, M.S. Koo, E.A. Lacey, C.H. Martin, J.A. McGuire, J.L. Patton, C.L. Spencer, R.D. Tarvin, M.H. Wake, I.J. Wang, A. Achmadi, S.T. Álvarez-Castañeda, M.J. Andersen, & R.M. Zink. 2023. Specimen collection is essential for modern science. PLoS Biology 21(11): e3002318. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002318

Newton, J.P., P.W. Bateman, M.J. Heydenrych, J.H. Kestel, K.W. Dixon, K.S. Prendergast, N.E. White, & P. Nevill. 2023. Monitoring the birds and the bees: Environmental DNA metabarcoding of flowers detects plant–animal interactions. Environmental DNA 5(3): 488–502. https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.399

Oi, C.A., M.M. López-Uribe, & M. Cervini. 2013. Non-lethal method of DNA sampling in euglossine bees supported by mark-recapture experiments and microsatellite genotyping. Journal of Insect 17: 1071–1079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-013-9582-8

Packer, L., J. Gibbs, C. Sheffield, & R. Hanner. 2009. DNA barcoding and the mediocrity of morphology. Molecular Ecology Resources 9(1): 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02631.x

Passow, C.N., T.J. Kono, B.A. Stahl, J.B. Jaggard, A.C. Keene, & S.E. McGaugh. 2019. Nonrandom RNAseq gene expression associated with RNAlater and flash freezing storage methods. Molecular Ecology Resources 19(2): 456–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12965

Piper, A.M., J. Batovska, N.O.I. Cogan, J. Weiss, J.P. Cunningham, B.C. Rodoni, & M.J. Blacket. 2019. Prospects and challenges of implementing DNA metabarcoding for high-throughput insect surveillance. GigaScience 8(8):giz092 https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giz092

Pope, N.S., A. Singh, A.K. Childers, K.M. Kapheim, J.D. Evans, & M.M. López-Uribe. 2023. The expansion of agriculture has shaped the recent evolutionary history of a specialized squash pollinator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 120(15): e2208116120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2208116120

Praz, C., D. Genoud, K. Vaucher, D. Bénon, J. Monks, & T.J. Wood. 2022. Unexpected levels of cryptic diversity in European bees of the genus Andrena subgenus Taeniandrena (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae): implications for conservation. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 91: 375–428. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.91.82761

Roger, F., H.R. Ghanavi, N. Danielsson, N. Wahlberg, J. Löndahl, L.B. Pettersson, G.K.S. Andersson, N. Boke Olén, & Y. Clough. 2022. Airborne environmental DNA metabarcoding for the monitoring of terrestrial insects—A proof of concept from the field. Environmental DNA 4(4): 790–807. https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.290

Rongstock, L., L. Schardt, F. Maihoff, B. Grünewald, & M. Bálin. 2024. Hair‐based minimally invasive barcoding of bumblebees. Insect Conservation and Diversity. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12794

Ruppert, K.M., R.J. Kline, & M.S. Rahman. 2019. Past, present, and future perspectives of environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding: A systematic review in methods, monitoring, and applications of global eDNA. Global Ecology and Conservation 17: e00547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00547

Samad-Zada, F., & S.M. Rehan. 2023. The use of pinned specimens helps uncover patterns of genetic differentiation and signatures of selection in a wild pollinator. Global Ecology and Conservation 46: e02593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02593

Samad-Zada, F., E.P. Kelemen, & S.M. Rehan. 2023. The impact of geography and climate on the population structure and local adaptation in a wild bee. Evolutionary Applications 16(6): 1154–1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13558

Sánchez-Bayo, F., & K.A.G. Wyckhuys. 2019. Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers. Biological Conservation 232: 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020

Sandoval-Arango, S., M.G. Branstetter, C.F. Cardoso, & M.M. López-Uribe. 2023. Phylogenomics reveals within species diversification but incongruence with color phenotypes in widespread orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini). Insect Systematics and Diversity 7(2): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixad005

Schiebelhut, L.M., A.S. Guillaume, A. Kuhn, R.M. Schweizer, E.E. Armstrong, M.A. Beaumont, M. Byrne, T. Cosart, B.K. Hand, L. Howard, S.M. Mussmann, S.R. Narum, R. Rasteiro, A.G. Rivera-Colón, N. Saarman, A. Sethuraman, H.R. Taylor, G.W.C. Thomas, M. Wellenreuther, & G. Luikart. 2024. Genomics and conservation: Guidance from training to analyses and applications. Molecular Ecology Resources 24(2): e13893. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13893

Schweizer, R.M., C.G. Meidt, L.R. Benavides, J.S. Wilson, T.L. Griswold, S.B. Sim, S.M. Geib, & M.G. Branstetter. 2024. Reference genome for the Mojave poppy bee (Perdita meconis), a specialist pollinator of conservation concern. Journal of Heredity 115(4): 470–479. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esad076

Schweizer, R.M., N. Saarman, K.M. Ramstad, B.R. Forester, J.L. Kelley, B.K. Hand, R.L. Malison, A.S. Ackiss, M. Watsa, T.C. Nelson, A. Beja-Pereira, R.S. Waples, W.C. Funk, & G. Luikart. 2021. Big data in conservation genomics: Boosting skills, hedging bets, and staying current in the field. Journal of Heredity 112(4): 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esab019

Scriven, J J., L.C. Woodall, & D. Goulson. 2013. Nondestructive DNA sampling from bumblebee faeces. Molecular Ecology Resources 13(2): 225–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12036

Shao, W., S. Khin, & W.C. Kopp. 2012. Characterization of effect of repeated freeze and thaw cycles on stability of genomic DNA using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Biopreservation and Biobanking 10(1): 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1089/bio.2011.0016

Strange, J.P., M.M. López-Uribe, L. Whiteman, B.N. Danforth, S. Jha, H.K. Levenson, B. Du Clos, J.B.U. Koch, & S.H. Woodard. 2024. Standardized protocols for collecting bee samples for pathogen data. Journal of Melittology 123(7): 1–x.

Tepedino, V.J., & Z.M. Portman. 2021. Intensive monitoring for bees in North America: Indispensable or improvident? Insect Conservation and Diversity 14(5): 535–542. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12509

Theodorou, P., R. Radzevičiūtė, B. Kahnt, A. Soro, I. Grosse, & R.J. Paxton. 2018. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism scan suggests adaptation to urbanization in an important pollinator, the red-tailed bumblebee (Bombus lapidarius L.). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285(1877): 20172806. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2806

Thomsen, P.F., & E.E. Sigsgaard. 2019. Environmental DNA metabarcoding of wild flowers reveals diverse communities of terrestrial arthropods. Ecology and Evolution 9(4): 1665–1679. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4809

Tsvetkov, N., V.J. MacPhail, S.R. Colla, & A. Zayed. 2021. Conservation genomics reveals pesticide and pathogen exposure in the declining bumble bee Bombus terricola. Molecular Ecology 30(17): 4220–4230. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16049

van Klink, R., T. August, Y. Bas, P. Bodesheim, A. Bonn, F. Fossøy, T.T. Høye, E. Jongejans, M.H.M. Menz, A. Miraldo, T. Roslin, H.E. Roy, I. Ruczyński, D. Schigel, L. Schäffler, J.K. Sheard, C. Svenningsen, G.F. Tschan, J. Wäldchen, & D.E. Bowler. 2022. Emerging technologies revolutionise insect ecology and monitoring. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 37(10): 872–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.06.001

Vaudo, A.D., M.L. Fritz, & M.M. López-Uribe. 2018. Opening the door to the past: Accessing phylogenetic, pathogen, and population data from museum curated bees. Insect Systematics and Diversity 2(5): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy014

Wieczorek, J., D. Bloom, R. Guralnick, S. Blum, M. Döring, R. Giovanni, T. Robertson, & D. Vieglais. 2012. Darwin Core: An evolving community-developed biodiversity data standard. PloS One 7(1): e29715. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029715

Woodard, S.H., S. Federman, R.R. James, B.N. Danforth, T.L. Griswold, D. Inouye, Q.S. McFrederick, L. Morandin, D.L. Paul, E. Sellers, J.P. Strange, M. Vaughan, N.M. Williams, M.G. Branstetter, C.T. Burns, J. Cane, A.B. Cariveau, D.P. Cariveau, A. Childers, C. Childers, D.L. Cox-Foster, E.C. Evans, K. Graham, K. Hackett, K.T. Huntzinger, R.E. Irwin, S. Jha, S. Lawson, C. Liang, M.M. López-Uribe, A. Melathopoulos, H.M.C. Moylett, C.R.V. Otto, L.C. Ponisio, L.L. Richardson, R. Rose, R. Singh, & W. Wehling. 2020. Towards a US national program for monitoring native bees. Biological Conservation 252: 108821 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108821

Zayed, A. 2009. Bee genetics and conservation. Apidologie 40(3): 237–262. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009026

cover

Published

21-02-2025

How to Cite

Lopez-Uribe, M. M., Strange, J. P. ., Whiteman, L. ., Danforth, B. N. ., Jha, S., Branstetter, M. G., Berenguer Uhuad Koch, J. ., Levenson, H. K. ., Du Clos, B. ., & Woodard, S. H. . (2025). Standardized protocol for collecting bee samples to generate molecular data. Journal of Melittology, 123. https://doi.org/10.17161/jom.vi123.22596

Most read articles by the same author(s)