Budgeting for Success
Comparing Finances Between Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Predominantly White Institutions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v12i1.11550Keywords:
HBCUs, Financing, College AthleticsAbstract
There has been little research into the comparison of historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) to predominantly white institutions (PWIs) in recent years. With growing athletic department budgets, it is important to understand how HBCUs financially compare to their PWI counterparts. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine how HBCU athletic departments compare to their peer PWIs in terms of athletic department spending and to conduct a budgetary analysis of HBCU athletic departments. To examine differences in athletics budgets, data were collected from the U.S. Department of Education’s Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA) Survey. NCAA member institution peer groups with HBCU members were selected for this study. Institutional data include salary, recruitment, operation, and scholarship expenses and revenue for peer groups. An ANOVA was conducted to compare peer institutions, institutions in the same region, by division, and overall. The results indicated HBCU peer groups are spending significantly less compared to their PWI counterparts. Additionally, among HBCU institutions, most athletic programs are spending the most on athletic aid expenses. Similarly, HBCUs are earning significantly less revenue compared to their peers. Athletic department administrators can use the results of this study to help create budgets comparable to peer institutions.
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References
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Suggs, D. (2017). Savannah State University moving back to NCAA Division II because of financial concerns. The Undefeated. Retrieved https://theundefeated.com/features/savannah-state-moving-back-to-ncaa-division-ii/
Theune, F. (2016). The shrinking presence of black female student-athletes at historically black colleges and universities. Sociology of Sport Journal, 33, 66–74.
Trahan, T. (2012). Hampered by small budgets and larger institutional problems, once-proud HBCU football programs are Division I competitors in name only. Would they be better off dropping down to Division II? Vice Sports.
Wheatley, T. (2017). Morris Brown College used to enroll 2,500 students. Today, there are 40. Atlanta Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.atlantamagazine.com/great-reads/morris-brown-college/
Where does money go. (2018, April 13). Retrieved from
http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/finance
Armstrong, K. (2001). Black consumers’ spending and historically black college sport events: the marketing implications. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 10, 102–111.
Bartos, O. J., & Wehr, P. (2002). Using conflict theory. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2002.
Berrett, T., & Slack, T. (2001). A framework for the analysis of strategic approaches employed by non-profit sport organizations in seeking corporate sponsorship. Sport Management Review, 4, 21–45.
Bopp, T., & Sagas, M. (2012). An examination of African American NCAA DI-FBS football coaches: a five-year update. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 5, 153–169.
Bozeman, B., & Fay, D. (2013). Minority football coaches’ diminished careers: why is the “pipeline” clogged? Social Science Quarterly, 94, 29-58.
Bracey, E. (2017). The significance of historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the 21st century: Will such institutions of higher learning survive? American Journal of Economics & Sociology, 76, 670–696.
Carter, J. (2017). Hampton athletics jumps to the Big South. HBCU Digest. Retrieved from https://hbcudigest.com/hampton-athletics-jumps-to-the-big-south/
Cianfrone, B. A., Pitts, B. G., Zhang, J. J., Byrd, C., & Drane, D. D. (2010). A market segmentation analysis of Historically Black College and University “Classic” attendees. Presentation at the 2010 North American Society for Sport Management.
Clement, A.J., & Lidsky, A. J. (2011). The danger of history slipping away. Planning for Higher Education, 39, 149–158.
Cooper, J., & Hawkings, B. (2012). A place of opportunity: black male student athletes'
experiences at a historically black university. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 5, 170–188.
Davis, J. (2015, January 13). Paine College suspends football program. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved from http://www.ajc.com/news/local-education/paine-college-suspends-football-program/ZjZFeb7tU37Eu7BPwFw37K/
Division II Finances. (2018, April 13). Retrieved from
http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/finances?division=d2
Division III Finances. (2018, April 13). Retrieved from
http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/finances?division=d3
Greenlee, C. (2012). Down. Set. March. Diverse: Issues in Higher Education; 29, 22–24.
Farrey, T. (2017). The gentrification of college hoops. The Undefeated. Retrieved from https://theundefeated.com/features/gentrification-of-ncaa-division-1-college-basketball/
Heath, D. (2017, April 18). Savannah State plans to move athletics down to Division II. Savannah Morning News. Retrieved from http://savannahnow.com/local-colleges/news/sports/2017-04-17/savannah-state-plans-move-athletics-down-division-ii
Hruby, P. (2017). The plot to disrupt the NCAA with a pay-for-play HBCU basketball league. VICE Sports. Retrieved from https://sports.vice.com/en_us/article/59zejz/the-plot-to-disrupt-the-ncaa-with-a-pay-for-play-hbcu-basketball-league
Jones, W., & Bell, L. (2016). Status report on HBCU athletics: participation, finances, and student experiences. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 10, 48–74.
Li, M., & Burden, W. (2009). A survey of the sport marketing and sponsorship practices of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) playing NCAA Division I Football. Presentation at the 2009 North American Society for Sport Management.
Logue, J. (2016). Zero-sum game. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/02/02/stillman-cuts-illustrate-financial-challenges-athletics-black-colleges
Nocera, J. (2016, September 18). Historically black schools pay the price for a football paycheck. The New York Times
Reddick, B. (2017, May 17). SIAC leads NCAA Division II in football attendance for 13th consecutive year. Retrieved from http://www.thesiac.com/news/2016/5/17/FBALL_0517160123.aspx
Robbins, G., Gilbert, J., Clifton, A. (2015). Coaching stressors in a Division II historically black university. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 8, 183–205.
Sage, G. & Eitzen, S. (2015). Sociology of North American Sport (10th ed). New York: Oxford University Press. Leberman, S., & Shaw, S. (2012).
Savage, G. (2017). An uncertain future of the nation’s oldest HBCU. Diverse Issues in Higher Education, 34, 21–22.
Seymour, A. (2006). Pigskin payday: for many HBCU athletic departments, the annual football classics keep their sport programs afloat. Diverse Issues in Higher Education, 23.
Stuart, R. (2017). Financial anxiety. Diverse Issues in Higher Education, 34, 10–11.
Stone, G. W., Cort, K. T., & Nkonge, J. (2012). An exploratory model of the antecedent factors contributing to fan support/attendance at HBCU basketball games. Atlantic Marketing Journal, 1(1), 15–30.
Suggs, D. (2017). Savannah State University moving back to NCAA Division II because of financial concerns. The Undefeated. Retrieved https://theundefeated.com/features/savannah-state-moving-back-to-ncaa-division-ii/
Theune, F. (2016). The shrinking presence of black female student-athletes at historically black colleges and universities. Sociology of Sport Journal, 33, 66–74.
Trahan, T. (2012). Hampered by small budgets and larger institutional problems, once-proud HBCU football programs are Division I competitors in name only. Would they be better off dropping down to Division II? Vice Sports.
Wheatley, T. (2017). Morris Brown College used to enroll 2,500 students. Today, there are 40. Atlanta Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.atlantamagazine.com/great-reads/morris-brown-college/
Where does money go. (2018, April 13). Retrieved from
http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/finance
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Published
2019-07-09
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How to Cite
Elliot, K., & Kellison, T. (2019). Budgeting for Success: Comparing Finances Between Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Predominantly White Institutions. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 12(1), 25-42. https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v12i1.11550
