Mentoring Characteristics and Functions Important to Men and Women within Intercollegiate Athletic Administration
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v12i1.11565Keywords:
mentoring, gender, athletic administrationAbstract
Female athletic administrators were asked about the role of mentoring in their careers as women while male athletic administrators were asked about the role of mentoring in their careers as men working in intercollegiate athletic administration. The researchers gathered and compared information on mentor characteristics as well as career and psychosocial benefits of having a mentor. Participants were 518 female and 778 male athletic administrators working at NCAA Division I, II, and IIII, NAIA, NCCAA, and NJCAA schools. A three-step content-analytic procedure was used to analyze the qualitative data.
Men identified being trustworthy, supportive, respected, and a good listener while women identified being supportive, hardworking, and knowledgeable as the most important mentor characteristics. Men most frequently named coaching and challenging assignments as career benefits from mentors while women named exposure/visability and coaching. Both men and women most frequently identified counseling and role modeling as psychosocial benefits from mentors.
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References
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Allen, T. D., & Eby, L. T. (2004). Factors related to mentor reports of mentoring functions provided: Gender and relational characteristics. Sex Roles, 50(1/2), 129-139.
Allen, T. D., Eby, L. T., Poteet, M. L., Lentz, E., & Lima, L. (2004). Career benefits associated with mentoring for protégés: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(1), 127-136.
Allen, T. D, Poteet, M. L., & Burroughs, S. M. (1997). Career benefits associated with mentoring for proteges: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 127-136.
Allen, T. D., Russell, J. E. A., & Maetzke, S. (1997). Formal peer mentoring: Factors related to protégés satisfaction and willingness to mentor others. Group and Organization Management, 22, 488-507.
Avery, D. R., Tonidandel, S., & Phillips, M. G. (2008). Similarity on sports sidelines: How mentor-protégé sex similarity affects mentoring. Sex Roles, 58, 72-80.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.
Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.
Bickel, J. (2014). How men can excel as mentors of women. Academic Medicine, 89(8), 1100- 1102.
Bloom, G. A., Durand-Bush, N., Schinke, R. J., & Salmella, J. H. (1998). The importance of mentoring in the development of coaches and athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 29, 267-281.
Bower, G. G. (2011). The examination of the mentoring relationship between the head coach and assistant coach of women’s basketball teams. Advancing Women in Leadership Journal, 31(1), 1-7.
Bower, G. G. (2006). Mentoring faculty toward connecting and collaborating within Physical Education Departments. The ICHPERD-SD Journal of Research (The International Council for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance), XLII (2), 18-24.
Bower, G. G., & Hums, M. A. (2014). Examining the mentoring relationship of women working within intercollegiate athletic administration. Mentoring and Tutoring Journal, 22(1), 4- 19.
Bower, G. G., & Hums, M.A. (2013). Career paths of women working in leadership positions with intercollegiate athletics. Advancing Women in Leadership Journal, 33(1), 1-14.
Bower, G. G., & Hums, M. A. (2003). Women working in the administration of campus recreation. NIRSA Recreational Sports Journal, 27, 35.
Bower, G. G., Hums, M. A., & Keedy, J. L. (2006). Factors influencing the willingness to mentor females in leadership positions within campus recreation: A historical perspective. Advancing Women in Leadership, 20, 1-13.
Burke, R. J., McKeen, C. A., & McKenna, C. (1993). Correlates of mentoring in organization:
The mentor’s perspective. Psychological Reports, 72, 883-896.
Chester, M. N., & Mondello, M. (2012). Mentorship among female sport management doctoral students. Sport Management Education Journal, 6(1), 53-68.
Dougherty, T.W., Dreher, G.F., Arunachalam, V., & Wilbanks, J.E. (2013). Mentor status, occupational context, and protégé career outcomes: Differential returns for males and females. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83, 514-527.
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Forret, M. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (2004). Networking behaviors and career outcomes: Differences for men and women? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 419-437.
Hackett, G., & Betz, N. E. (1981). A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18(3), 326-339
Hancock, M. G., Grappendorf, H., Wells, J., & Burton, L. (2017). Career breakthroughs of women in intercollegiate athletic administration: What is the role of mentoring? Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 10, 184-206.
Hums, M. A., & Moorman, A. (1999). Kentucky women working in sport management.
KAHPERD Journal, 35, 29-33.
Hums, M. A., & Sutton, W. A. (1999). Women working in the management of professional baseball: Getting to first base? Journal of Career Development, 26, 147-158.
Inglis, S., Danylchuk, K. E., & Pastore, D. L. (2000). Multiple realities of women’s experiences in coaching and athletic management: Listening to the voices. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 9, 1-26.
Itoh, M. (2014). Role models, leadership and self-efficacy and careers of women working in the management of professional baseball. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Louisville.
Kerka, S. (1998). New perspectives on mentoring. ERICDigest [On-line]. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED418249.pdf
Kram, K. E. (1985). Mentoring at work. Glenview, IL: Scot, Foresman.
Lapchick, R. (2018). The 2017 racial and gender report card. Institute for Diversity and Ethics in
Sport. Retrieved from http://nebula.wsimg.com/5665825afd75728dc0c45b52ae6c412d? AccessKeyId=DAC3A56D8FB782449D2A&disposition=0&alloworigin=1.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Lough, N. L. (2001). Mentoring connections between coaches and female athletes. Journal of
Physical Education, Recreation, & Dance, 72(5), 30-33.
Lumpkin, A., Achen, R. M., & Hyland, S. (2015). Education, experiences, and advancement of athletic directors in NCAA member institutions. Journal of Contemporary Athletics, 9(4), 249-265.
Machida-Kosuga, Schaubroeck, J., & Feltz, D. (2016). Leader self-efficacy of women intercollegiate athletic administrators: A look at barriers and developmental antecedents Journal of Intercollegiate Athletics, 9(2), 157-178.
Neuman, W. L. (2010). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative
approaches (6th edition). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Olian, J. D., Carroll, S. J., & Giannantionio, C. M. (1993). Mentor reactions to protégés: An experiment with managers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 43(3), 266-278.
Olson, K. (2006). Survey participation, nonresponse bias, measurement error bias, and total bias.
Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(5), 737-758.
Ragins, B. R. (1997). Diversified mentoring relationships in organizations. A power perspective.
The Academy of Management Review, 22(2), 482-521.
Ragins, B. R. (2002). Understanding diversified mentoring relationships: Definitions, challenges,
and strategies. In D. Clutterbuck & B. R. Ragins (Eds.), Mentoring and diversity: An international perspective (pp. 23-53). Boston, MA: Butterworth Heinemann.
Ragins, B. R., & Cotton, J. L. (1999). Mentor functions and outcomes: A comparison of men and women in formal and informal mentoring relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(4), 529-550.
Ragins, B. R., & Sundstrom. E. (1989). Gender and power in organizations: A longitudinal perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 51-88.
Ransdell, L.B., Nguyen, N., Hums, M.A., Clark, M., & Williams, S.B. (2017): Voices from the field: Perspectives of U.S. Kinesiology Chairs on opportunities, challenges, and the role of mentoring in the Chair position, Quest, DOI: 10.1080/00336297.2017.1371047
Rossman, G. B., & Rallis, S. F. (2011). Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative research, 3rd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Schneider, R. C., Stier, W. F., Henry, T. J., & Wilding, G. E. (2010). Title IX compliance in NCAA athletic departments: Perceptions of senior woman administrators. Journal of Human Kinetics, 23, 91-98. Retrieved from: http://www.johk.awf.katowice.pl/
Smith, A. B., Taylor, E. A., & Hardin, R. (2017). Women and mentoring in collegiate athletics.
Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 24(5), 346-364.
Taylor, E. A., & Wells, J. E. (2017). Institutionalized barriers and supports of female athletic directors: A multilevel perspective. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 10(2), 157-183.
Walker, N. A., & Bopp, T. (2011). The underrepresentation of women in the male-dominated sport workplace: Perspectives of female coaches. Journal of Workplace Rights, 15(1), 47- 64.
Weaver, M. A., & Chelladurai, P. (2002). Mentoring in intercollegiate athletic administration.
Journal of Sport Management, 16, 96-116.
Weaver, M. A., & Chelladurai, P. (1999). A mentoring model for management in sport and physical education. Quest, 51, 24-38.
Whisnant, W. A., Pedersen, P. M., & Obenour, B. L. (2002). Success and gender: Determining the rate of advancement for intercollegiate athletic directors. Sex Roles, 47, 485-491.
Wright, C. A., & Wright, S. D. (1987). The role of mentors in career development of young 4 professionals. Family Relations, 36(2), 204-208.
Allen, T. D., & Eby, L. T. (2004). Factors related to mentor reports of mentoring functions provided: Gender and relational characteristics. Sex Roles, 50(1/2), 129-139.
Allen, T. D., Eby, L. T., Poteet, M. L., Lentz, E., & Lima, L. (2004). Career benefits associated with mentoring for protégés: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(1), 127-136.
Allen, T. D, Poteet, M. L., & Burroughs, S. M. (1997). Career benefits associated with mentoring for proteges: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 127-136.
Allen, T. D., Russell, J. E. A., & Maetzke, S. (1997). Formal peer mentoring: Factors related to protégés satisfaction and willingness to mentor others. Group and Organization Management, 22, 488-507.
Avery, D. R., Tonidandel, S., & Phillips, M. G. (2008). Similarity on sports sidelines: How mentor-protégé sex similarity affects mentoring. Sex Roles, 58, 72-80.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.
Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.
Bickel, J. (2014). How men can excel as mentors of women. Academic Medicine, 89(8), 1100- 1102.
Bloom, G. A., Durand-Bush, N., Schinke, R. J., & Salmella, J. H. (1998). The importance of mentoring in the development of coaches and athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 29, 267-281.
Bower, G. G. (2011). The examination of the mentoring relationship between the head coach and assistant coach of women’s basketball teams. Advancing Women in Leadership Journal, 31(1), 1-7.
Bower, G. G. (2006). Mentoring faculty toward connecting and collaborating within Physical Education Departments. The ICHPERD-SD Journal of Research (The International Council for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance), XLII (2), 18-24.
Bower, G. G., & Hums, M. A. (2014). Examining the mentoring relationship of women working within intercollegiate athletic administration. Mentoring and Tutoring Journal, 22(1), 4- 19.
Bower, G. G., & Hums, M.A. (2013). Career paths of women working in leadership positions with intercollegiate athletics. Advancing Women in Leadership Journal, 33(1), 1-14.
Bower, G. G., & Hums, M. A. (2003). Women working in the administration of campus recreation. NIRSA Recreational Sports Journal, 27, 35.
Bower, G. G., Hums, M. A., & Keedy, J. L. (2006). Factors influencing the willingness to mentor females in leadership positions within campus recreation: A historical perspective. Advancing Women in Leadership, 20, 1-13.
Burke, R. J., McKeen, C. A., & McKenna, C. (1993). Correlates of mentoring in organization:
The mentor’s perspective. Psychological Reports, 72, 883-896.
Chester, M. N., & Mondello, M. (2012). Mentorship among female sport management doctoral students. Sport Management Education Journal, 6(1), 53-68.
Dougherty, T.W., Dreher, G.F., Arunachalam, V., & Wilbanks, J.E. (2013). Mentor status, occupational context, and protégé career outcomes: Differential returns for males and females. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83, 514-527.
Erlandson, D. A., Harris, E. L., Skipper, B. L., & Allen, S. D. (1993). Doing naturalistic inquiry: A guide to methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Forret, M. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (2004). Networking behaviors and career outcomes: Differences for men and women? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 419-437.
Hackett, G., & Betz, N. E. (1981). A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18(3), 326-339
Hancock, M. G., Grappendorf, H., Wells, J., & Burton, L. (2017). Career breakthroughs of women in intercollegiate athletic administration: What is the role of mentoring? Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 10, 184-206.
Hums, M. A., & Moorman, A. (1999). Kentucky women working in sport management.
KAHPERD Journal, 35, 29-33.
Hums, M. A., & Sutton, W. A. (1999). Women working in the management of professional baseball: Getting to first base? Journal of Career Development, 26, 147-158.
Inglis, S., Danylchuk, K. E., & Pastore, D. L. (2000). Multiple realities of women’s experiences in coaching and athletic management: Listening to the voices. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 9, 1-26.
Itoh, M. (2014). Role models, leadership and self-efficacy and careers of women working in the management of professional baseball. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Louisville.
Kerka, S. (1998). New perspectives on mentoring. ERICDigest [On-line]. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED418249.pdf
Kram, K. E. (1985). Mentoring at work. Glenview, IL: Scot, Foresman.
Lapchick, R. (2018). The 2017 racial and gender report card. Institute for Diversity and Ethics in
Sport. Retrieved from http://nebula.wsimg.com/5665825afd75728dc0c45b52ae6c412d? AccessKeyId=DAC3A56D8FB782449D2A&disposition=0&alloworigin=1.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Lough, N. L. (2001). Mentoring connections between coaches and female athletes. Journal of
Physical Education, Recreation, & Dance, 72(5), 30-33.
Lumpkin, A., Achen, R. M., & Hyland, S. (2015). Education, experiences, and advancement of athletic directors in NCAA member institutions. Journal of Contemporary Athletics, 9(4), 249-265.
Machida-Kosuga, Schaubroeck, J., & Feltz, D. (2016). Leader self-efficacy of women intercollegiate athletic administrators: A look at barriers and developmental antecedents Journal of Intercollegiate Athletics, 9(2), 157-178.
Neuman, W. L. (2010). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative
approaches (6th edition). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Olian, J. D., Carroll, S. J., & Giannantionio, C. M. (1993). Mentor reactions to protégés: An experiment with managers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 43(3), 266-278.
Olson, K. (2006). Survey participation, nonresponse bias, measurement error bias, and total bias.
Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(5), 737-758.
Ragins, B. R. (1997). Diversified mentoring relationships in organizations. A power perspective.
The Academy of Management Review, 22(2), 482-521.
Ragins, B. R. (2002). Understanding diversified mentoring relationships: Definitions, challenges,
and strategies. In D. Clutterbuck & B. R. Ragins (Eds.), Mentoring and diversity: An international perspective (pp. 23-53). Boston, MA: Butterworth Heinemann.
Ragins, B. R., & Cotton, J. L. (1999). Mentor functions and outcomes: A comparison of men and women in formal and informal mentoring relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(4), 529-550.
Ragins, B. R., & Sundstrom. E. (1989). Gender and power in organizations: A longitudinal perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 51-88.
Ransdell, L.B., Nguyen, N., Hums, M.A., Clark, M., & Williams, S.B. (2017): Voices from the field: Perspectives of U.S. Kinesiology Chairs on opportunities, challenges, and the role of mentoring in the Chair position, Quest, DOI: 10.1080/00336297.2017.1371047
Rossman, G. B., & Rallis, S. F. (2011). Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative research, 3rd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Schneider, R. C., Stier, W. F., Henry, T. J., & Wilding, G. E. (2010). Title IX compliance in NCAA athletic departments: Perceptions of senior woman administrators. Journal of Human Kinetics, 23, 91-98. Retrieved from: http://www.johk.awf.katowice.pl/
Smith, A. B., Taylor, E. A., & Hardin, R. (2017). Women and mentoring in collegiate athletics.
Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 24(5), 346-364.
Taylor, E. A., & Wells, J. E. (2017). Institutionalized barriers and supports of female athletic directors: A multilevel perspective. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 10(2), 157-183.
Walker, N. A., & Bopp, T. (2011). The underrepresentation of women in the male-dominated sport workplace: Perspectives of female coaches. Journal of Workplace Rights, 15(1), 47- 64.
Weaver, M. A., & Chelladurai, P. (2002). Mentoring in intercollegiate athletic administration.
Journal of Sport Management, 16, 96-116.
Weaver, M. A., & Chelladurai, P. (1999). A mentoring model for management in sport and physical education. Quest, 51, 24-38.
Whisnant, W. A., Pedersen, P. M., & Obenour, B. L. (2002). Success and gender: Determining the rate of advancement for intercollegiate athletic directors. Sex Roles, 47, 485-491.
Wright, C. A., & Wright, S. D. (1987). The role of mentors in career development of young 4 professionals. Family Relations, 36(2), 204-208.
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2019-07-09
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How to Cite
Bower, G., Hums, M., & Williams, S. (2019). Mentoring Characteristics and Functions Important to Men and Women within Intercollegiate Athletic Administration. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 12(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v12i1.11565
