College Student Development within the Context of Formalized Sport in American Higher Education
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v14i1.11755Keywords:
Sport for Development Theory,, Student Development Theory, Sport Development Theory, Holistic Development, , Intercollegiate Athletics, Club SportAbstract
Those providing and managing sport in primary, secondary and post-secondary educational settings must be cognizant of the need for sport programs to enhance, rather than detract from, the educational environment. American post-secondary education provides an important context for inquiry in sport for two primary reasons. First, college enrollment marks a significant period of transition for individuals who are at a developmentally impressionable stage of their lives. Second, roughly 80% of all college students participate in some form of physical activity during their time on a college or university campus, with roughly half of them participating in formal sport. Two bodies of literature provide guidance for sport managers in US higher education: 1) sport development theory and 2) student development theory. This paper aims to provide a road map to facilitate the conversation between these two bodies of theory to unpack the potential contribution of sport to the individual development of sport participants at American colleges and universities.
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References
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Adler, P., & Adler, P.A. (1987). Role conflict and identity salience: College athletics and the academic role. The Social Science Journal, 24(4), 443-455.
Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (1988). Intense loyalty in organizations: A case study of college athletics. Administrative Science Quarterly, 401-417.
Adler, P., & Adler, P. A. (1991). Backboards and blackboards: College athletics and role engulfment. New York: Columbia University Press.
American Council on Education. (1994a). The Student Personnel Point of View. In A.L. Rentz (Ed.), Student affairs: A profession’s heritage. (2nd ed., pp. 66-77). Lanham, MD: University press of America. (Original work published 1937)
American Council on Education. (1994b). The Student Personnel Point of View. In A.L. Rentz (Ed.), Student affairs: A profession’s heritage. (2nd ed., pp. 108-123). Lanham, MD: University press of America. (Original work published 1949)
Anderson, A. J., & Dixon, M. A. (2018). How contextual factors influence athlete experiences of team cohesion: an in-depth exploration. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1-20.
Anderson, A. J., & Warner, S. (2017). Social Network Analysis as a Complimentary Tool to Measuring Team Cohesion. Journal of Sport Behavior, 40(1).
Arnold, J. (1975). Club Sports in Colleges and Universities. Health, Physical Education and Recreation.
Archer, S. (2019, April). A qualitative analysis of the intersectional socialization of NCAA Division I student-athletes across divers identities. College Sport Research Institute. Conference conducted at the University of South Carolina, Colombia, S.C.
Astin, A. W. (1984). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education. Journal of College Student Personnel, 25(4), 297-308.
Ayers, K., Pazmino-Cevallos, M., & Dobose, C. (2012). The 20-hour rule: Student-athletes time commitment to athletics and academics. Vahperd Journal, 33(1), 22-27.
Balyi, I., Way, R., & Higgs, C. (2018). Long-term athlete development. Human Kinetics.
Baxter Magolda, M. (1992). Knowing and reasoning in college: Gender-related patterns in students' intellectual development. Jossey-Bass.
Belenky, M. F., Clinchy, B. M., Goldberger, N. R., & Tarule, J. M. (1986). Women's ways of knowing: The development of self, voice, and mind (Vol. 15). New York: Basic books.
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Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Harvard university press.
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Chickering, A. W. (1969). Education and identity. Jossey-Bass.
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Coalter, F. (2007) A Wider Social Role for Sport: Who’s Keeping the Score? London: Routledge.
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De Bosscher, V., De Knop, P., Van Bottenburg, M., Shibli, S., & Bingham, J. (2009). Explaining international sporting success: An international comparison of elite sport systems and policies in six countries. Sport Management Review, 12(3), 113-136.
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Flosdorf, M. L., Carr, B. H., Carr, J. W., & Pate, J. R. (2016). An Exploration of the Sport Club President’s Experience. Recreational Sports Journal, 40(2), 106-119.
Forrester, S. (2014). The benefits of campus recreation. Corvallis, OR: NIRSA.
Gayles, J. G. (2009a). The student athlete experience. New Directions for Institutional Research, 2009(144), 33-41.
Gayles, J. G. (2009b). The influence of student engagement and sport participation on college outcomes among division I student athletes. The Journal of Higher Education, 80(3), 315-333.
Gayles, J.G. (2014). Engage student athletes. Student engagement in higher education: theoretical perspectives and practical approaches for diverse populations.
Green, B. C. (2005). Building sport programs to optimize athlete recruitment, retention, and transition: Toward a normative theory of sport development. Journal of Sport Management, 19(3), 233-253.
Green, B. C. & Houlihan, B. (2008). ‘Conclusion’, in B. Houlihan and M. Green (eds), Comparative Elite Sport Development, Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman, p. 272-294.
Gulbin, J. P., Croser, M. J., Morley, E. J., & Weissensteiner, J. R. (2013). An integrated framework for the optimisation of sport and athlete development: A practitioner approach. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(12), 1319-1331.
Haines, D. J., & Fortman, T. (2008). The college recreational sports learning environment. Recreational Sports Journal, 32(1), 52-61.
Hall-Yannessa, S. L., & Forrester, S. (2005). Impact of advisor interaction on the development of leadership skills in club sports officers. Recreational Sports Journal, 29(1), 9-21.
Harrison, C. K., Stone, J., Shapiro, J., Yee, S., Boyd, J. A., & Rullan, V. (2009). The role of gender identities and stereotype salience with the academic performance of male and female college athletes. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 33(1), 78–96.
Hoffer, A., Humphreys, B. R., Lacombe, D. J., & Ruseski, J. E. (2014). The NCAA athletics arms race: Theory and evidence. West Virginia Univ., Department of Economics.
Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments. Psychological Assessment Resources.
Hong, J., & Seltzer, M. M. (1995). The psychological consequences of multiple roles: The nonnormative case. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(4), 386-398.
Hyatt, R. W. (1976). Sport Clubs: Organization and Administration. Intramural Administration.
Jayakumar, U. M., & Comeaux, E. (2016). The cultural cover-up of college athletics: How organizational culture perpetuates an unrealistic and idealized balancing act. The Journal of Higher Education, 87(4), 488-515.
Josselson, R. E. (1973). Psychodynamic aspects of identity formation in college women. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2(1), 3-52.
Kay, T. (2009). Developing through sport: evidencing sport impacts on young people. Sport in Society, 12(9), 1177-1191.
Kelly, D. D., & Dixon, M. A. (2014). Successfully navigating life transitions among African American male student-athletes: A review and examination of constellation mentoring as a promising strategy. Journal of Sport Management, 28(5), 498-514.
King, P. M., & Kitchener, K. S. (1994). Developing reflective judgment: Understanding and promoting intellectual growth and critical thinking in adolescents and adults. Jossey-Bass, 350 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104-1310.
Kleindienst, V. K., & Weston, A. (1978). The Recreational Sports Program: Schools Colleges. Communities.
Knefelkamp, L., Widick, C., Parker, C. A. (1978). Applying new developmental findings. Jossey-Bass.
Lewin, K. (1936). Principles of topological psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lewis, G. (1970). The beginning of organized collegiate sport. American Quarterly, 22(2), 222-229.
Lifschutz, L. (2012). Club sports: Maximizing positive outcomes and minimizing risks. Recreational Sports Journal, 36(2), 104-112.
Long, D. (2012). Theories and models of student development. Environments for student growth and development: Libraries and student affairs in collaboration. Association of College & Research Libraries
Lyras, A., & Peachey, J. W. (2011). Integrating sport-for-development theory and praxis. Sport Management Review, 14(4), 311-326.
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 551– 558.
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Nite, C., Ige, A., & Washington, M. (2018). The evolving institutional work of the National Collegiate Athletic Association to maintain dominance in a fragmented field. Sport Management Review.
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Patriksson, G. (1995). ‘Scientific review part 2’ in The Significance of Sport for Society – Health, Socialisation, Economy: A Scientific Review prepared for the 8th Conference of European Ministers Responsible for Sport, Lisbon, 17-18 May, Council of Europe Press, Strasburg
Patton, L. D., Renn, K. A., Guido, F. M., & Quaye, S. J. (2016). Student development in college: Theory, research, and practice. John Wiley & Sons.
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Penrose, M. (2013). Outspoken: Social media and the modern college athlete. The John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law, 12(3), 510–550.
Perry, W. G., Jr. (1968). Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years: A scheme. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Richards, J., Kaufman, Z., Schulenkorf, N., Wolff, E., Gannett, K., Siefken, K., & Rodriguez, G. (2013). Advancing the evidence base of sport for development: A new open-access, peer-reviewed journal. Journal of Sport for Development.
Riciputi, S., & Erdal, K. (2017). The effect of stereotype threat on student-athlete math performance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 32, 54-57.
Ridpath, B. D. (2018). Alternative Models of Sports Development in America: Solutions to a Crisis in Education and Public Health. Ohio University Press.
Rubin, L. M., & Moses, R. A. (2017). Athletic subculture within student-athlete academic centers. Sociology of Sport Journal, 34(4), 317-328.
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Schechter, S. (1981). Sport Clubs: An Evolution. NIRSA Journal, 5(2), 52-55.
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Schulenkorf, N. (2017). Managing sport-for-development: Reflections and outlook. Sport Management Review, 20(3), 243-251.
Schulenkorf, N., Sherry, E., & Phillips, P. (2016). What is sport development? Managing Sport Development: An International Approach, 3-11.
Schulenkorf, N., Sherry, E., & Rowe, K. (2016). Sport for development: An integrated literature review. Journal of Sport Management, 30(1), 22-39.
Smith, R. K. (2000). A brief history of the National Collegiate Athletic Association’s role in regulating intercollegiate athletics. Marquette Sports Law Review, 11(1), 9-22.
Snyder, E. E. (1985). A theoretical analysis of academic and athletic roles. Sociology of Sport Journal, 2, 210-217.
Sotiriadou, K., Shilbury, D., & Quick, S. (2008). The attraction, retention/transition, and nurturing process of sport development: Some Australian evidence. Journal of Sport Management, 22(3), 247-272.
Southall, R. M., & Weiler, J. D. (2014). NCAA Division-I athletic departments: 21st century athletic company towns. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 7, 161-186.
Springer, D., Anderson, A., Dixon, M., Kelly, D., Weight, E., Hartzell, A., Bates, B. (2019, April). Perspectives on college athlete development and well-being. Presentation for the College Sport Research Institute Conference on College Sport, Columbia, SC.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797.
Tinto, V. (1987). Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition. University of Chicago Press, 5801 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637.
Waldron, I., & Jacobs, J. A. (1989). Effects of multiple roles on women's health-evidence from a national longitudinal study. Women & Health, 15(1), 3-20.
Warner, S., & Dixon, M. A. (2013). Sports and community on campus: Constructing a sports experience that matters. Journal of College Student Development, 54(3), 283-298.
Warner, S., Dixon, M. A., & Chalip, L. (2012). The impact of formal versus informal sport: Mapping the differences in sense of community. Journal of Community Psychology, 40(8), 983-1003.
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Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (1988). Intense loyalty in organizations: A case study of college athletics. Administrative Science Quarterly, 401-417.
Adler, P., & Adler, P. A. (1991). Backboards and blackboards: College athletics and role engulfment. New York: Columbia University Press.
American Council on Education. (1994a). The Student Personnel Point of View. In A.L. Rentz (Ed.), Student affairs: A profession’s heritage. (2nd ed., pp. 66-77). Lanham, MD: University press of America. (Original work published 1937)
American Council on Education. (1994b). The Student Personnel Point of View. In A.L. Rentz (Ed.), Student affairs: A profession’s heritage. (2nd ed., pp. 108-123). Lanham, MD: University press of America. (Original work published 1949)
Anderson, A. J., & Dixon, M. A. (2018). How contextual factors influence athlete experiences of team cohesion: an in-depth exploration. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1-20.
Anderson, A. J., & Warner, S. (2017). Social Network Analysis as a Complimentary Tool to Measuring Team Cohesion. Journal of Sport Behavior, 40(1).
Arnold, J. (1975). Club Sports in Colleges and Universities. Health, Physical Education and Recreation.
Archer, S. (2019, April). A qualitative analysis of the intersectional socialization of NCAA Division I student-athletes across divers identities. College Sport Research Institute. Conference conducted at the University of South Carolina, Colombia, S.C.
Astin, A. W. (1984). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education. Journal of College Student Personnel, 25(4), 297-308.
Ayers, K., Pazmino-Cevallos, M., & Dobose, C. (2012). The 20-hour rule: Student-athletes time commitment to athletics and academics. Vahperd Journal, 33(1), 22-27.
Balyi, I., Way, R., & Higgs, C. (2018). Long-term athlete development. Human Kinetics.
Baxter Magolda, M. (1992). Knowing and reasoning in college: Gender-related patterns in students' intellectual development. Jossey-Bass.
Belenky, M. F., Clinchy, B. M., Goldberger, N. R., & Tarule, J. M. (1986). Women's ways of knowing: The development of self, voice, and mind (Vol. 15). New York: Basic books.
Beyer, J. M., Hannah, D. R. (2000). The cultural significance of athletics in US higher education. Journal of Sport Management, 14(2), 105-132.
Bowers, M. T., & Green, B. C. (2016). Theory of development of and through sport. In Managing Sport Development (pp. 12-27). Routledge.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Harvard university press.
Carodine, K., Almond, K. F., & Gratto, K. K. (2001). College Student Athlete Success Both in and Out of the Classroom. New Directions for Student Services, 2001(93), 19.
Chalip, L. (2006). Toward a distinctive sport management discipline. Journal of Sport Management, 20(1), 1-21.
Chickering, A. W. (1969). Education and identity. Jossey-Bass.
Chickering, A., & Reisser, L. (1993). The seven vectors: An overview. Education and identity, 43-52.
Coakley, J. (2015). Assessing the sociology of sport: On cultural sensibilities and the great sport myth. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50(4-5), 402-406.
Coalter, F. (2007) A Wider Social Role for Sport: Who’s Keeping the Score? London: Routledge.
Davies, R. O. (2012). Sports in American life: A history. John Wiley & Sons.
De Bosscher, V., De Knop, P., Van Bottenburg, M., Shibli, S., & Bingham, J. (2009). Explaining international sporting success: An international comparison of elite sport systems and policies in six countries. Sport Management Review, 12(3), 113-136.
Dewey, J. (1916). Education and democracy.
Dugan, J. P., Turman, N. T., & Torrez, M. A. (2015). When recreation is more than just sport: advancing the leadership development of students in intramurals and club sports. Recreational Sports Journal, 39(1), 37-48.
English, J. A., & Kruger, A. C. (2016). Appreciative advising: Six phases to mitigate stereotype threat among student athletes. Journal of Appreciative Education, 3(1), 18-29.
Enos, M. (2017). Names for Non-Student-Athletes.
Erikson, E. H. (1994). Identity and the life cycle. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. (Originally published in 1959).
Evans, N. J., Forney, D. S., & Guido-DiBrito, F. (1998). Student development in college: Theory, practice, and research.
Flosdorf, M. L., Carr, B. H., Carr, J. W., & Pate, J. R. (2016). An Exploration of the Sport Club President’s Experience. Recreational Sports Journal, 40(2), 106-119.
Forrester, S. (2014). The benefits of campus recreation. Corvallis, OR: NIRSA.
Gayles, J. G. (2009a). The student athlete experience. New Directions for Institutional Research, 2009(144), 33-41.
Gayles, J. G. (2009b). The influence of student engagement and sport participation on college outcomes among division I student athletes. The Journal of Higher Education, 80(3), 315-333.
Gayles, J.G. (2014). Engage student athletes. Student engagement in higher education: theoretical perspectives and practical approaches for diverse populations.
Green, B. C. (2005). Building sport programs to optimize athlete recruitment, retention, and transition: Toward a normative theory of sport development. Journal of Sport Management, 19(3), 233-253.
Green, B. C. & Houlihan, B. (2008). ‘Conclusion’, in B. Houlihan and M. Green (eds), Comparative Elite Sport Development, Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman, p. 272-294.
Gulbin, J. P., Croser, M. J., Morley, E. J., & Weissensteiner, J. R. (2013). An integrated framework for the optimisation of sport and athlete development: A practitioner approach. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(12), 1319-1331.
Haines, D. J., & Fortman, T. (2008). The college recreational sports learning environment. Recreational Sports Journal, 32(1), 52-61.
Hall-Yannessa, S. L., & Forrester, S. (2005). Impact of advisor interaction on the development of leadership skills in club sports officers. Recreational Sports Journal, 29(1), 9-21.
Harrison, C. K., Stone, J., Shapiro, J., Yee, S., Boyd, J. A., & Rullan, V. (2009). The role of gender identities and stereotype salience with the academic performance of male and female college athletes. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 33(1), 78–96.
Hoffer, A., Humphreys, B. R., Lacombe, D. J., & Ruseski, J. E. (2014). The NCAA athletics arms race: Theory and evidence. West Virginia Univ., Department of Economics.
Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments. Psychological Assessment Resources.
Hong, J., & Seltzer, M. M. (1995). The psychological consequences of multiple roles: The nonnormative case. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(4), 386-398.
Hyatt, R. W. (1976). Sport Clubs: Organization and Administration. Intramural Administration.
Jayakumar, U. M., & Comeaux, E. (2016). The cultural cover-up of college athletics: How organizational culture perpetuates an unrealistic and idealized balancing act. The Journal of Higher Education, 87(4), 488-515.
Josselson, R. E. (1973). Psychodynamic aspects of identity formation in college women. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2(1), 3-52.
Kay, T. (2009). Developing through sport: evidencing sport impacts on young people. Sport in Society, 12(9), 1177-1191.
Kelly, D. D., & Dixon, M. A. (2014). Successfully navigating life transitions among African American male student-athletes: A review and examination of constellation mentoring as a promising strategy. Journal of Sport Management, 28(5), 498-514.
King, P. M., & Kitchener, K. S. (1994). Developing reflective judgment: Understanding and promoting intellectual growth and critical thinking in adolescents and adults. Jossey-Bass, 350 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104-1310.
Kleindienst, V. K., & Weston, A. (1978). The Recreational Sports Program: Schools Colleges. Communities.
Knefelkamp, L., Widick, C., Parker, C. A. (1978). Applying new developmental findings. Jossey-Bass.
Lewin, K. (1936). Principles of topological psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lewis, G. (1970). The beginning of organized collegiate sport. American Quarterly, 22(2), 222-229.
Lifschutz, L. (2012). Club sports: Maximizing positive outcomes and minimizing risks. Recreational Sports Journal, 36(2), 104-112.
Long, D. (2012). Theories and models of student development. Environments for student growth and development: Libraries and student affairs in collaboration. Association of College & Research Libraries
Lyras, A., & Peachey, J. W. (2011). Integrating sport-for-development theory and praxis. Sport Management Review, 14(4), 311-326.
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 551– 558.
National Center for Education Statistics. (May 2018). Undergraduate Enrollment. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_cha.asp
National Collegiate Athletic Association. (April 20, 2018). Estimated probability of competing in college athletics. Retrieved from http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/estimated-probability-competing-college-athletics
Nite, C., Ige, A., & Washington, M. (2018). The evolving institutional work of the National Collegiate Athletic Association to maintain dominance in a fragmented field. Sport Management Review.
Pascarella, E. T. (1985). Students' affective development within the college environment. The Journal of Higher Education, 56(6), 640-663.
Patriksson, G. (1995). ‘Scientific review part 2’ in The Significance of Sport for Society – Health, Socialisation, Economy: A Scientific Review prepared for the 8th Conference of European Ministers Responsible for Sport, Lisbon, 17-18 May, Council of Europe Press, Strasburg
Patton, L. D., Renn, K. A., Guido, F. M., & Quaye, S. J. (2016). Student development in college: Theory, research, and practice. John Wiley & Sons.
Pennington, B. (2008, December 1). Rise of college club teams creates a whole new level of success. New York Times. B11.
Penrose, M. (2013). Outspoken: Social media and the modern college athlete. The John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law, 12(3), 510–550.
Perry, W. G., Jr. (1968). Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years: A scheme. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Richards, J., Kaufman, Z., Schulenkorf, N., Wolff, E., Gannett, K., Siefken, K., & Rodriguez, G. (2013). Advancing the evidence base of sport for development: A new open-access, peer-reviewed journal. Journal of Sport for Development.
Riciputi, S., & Erdal, K. (2017). The effect of stereotype threat on student-athlete math performance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 32, 54-57.
Ridpath, B. D. (2018). Alternative Models of Sports Development in America: Solutions to a Crisis in Education and Public Health. Ohio University Press.
Rubin, L. M., & Moses, R. A. (2017). Athletic subculture within student-athlete academic centers. Sociology of Sport Journal, 34(4), 317-328.
Sanford, N. (1967). Where colleges fail: A study of the student as a person. Jossey-Bass.
Schechter, S. (1981). Sport Clubs: An Evolution. NIRSA Journal, 5(2), 52-55.
Schlossberg, N. K. (1995). Counseling adults in transition: Linking practice with theory. Springer Publishing Company.
Schuh, J. H., Jones, S. R., & Torres, V. (2016). Student Services: A Handbook for the Profession (Vol. 6th edition). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Schulenkorf, N. (2017). Managing sport-for-development: Reflections and outlook. Sport Management Review, 20(3), 243-251.
Schulenkorf, N., Sherry, E., & Phillips, P. (2016). What is sport development? Managing Sport Development: An International Approach, 3-11.
Schulenkorf, N., Sherry, E., & Rowe, K. (2016). Sport for development: An integrated literature review. Journal of Sport Management, 30(1), 22-39.
Smith, R. K. (2000). A brief history of the National Collegiate Athletic Association’s role in regulating intercollegiate athletics. Marquette Sports Law Review, 11(1), 9-22.
Snyder, E. E. (1985). A theoretical analysis of academic and athletic roles. Sociology of Sport Journal, 2, 210-217.
Sotiriadou, K., Shilbury, D., & Quick, S. (2008). The attraction, retention/transition, and nurturing process of sport development: Some Australian evidence. Journal of Sport Management, 22(3), 247-272.
Southall, R. M., & Weiler, J. D. (2014). NCAA Division-I athletic departments: 21st century athletic company towns. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 7, 161-186.
Springer, D., Anderson, A., Dixon, M., Kelly, D., Weight, E., Hartzell, A., Bates, B. (2019, April). Perspectives on college athlete development and well-being. Presentation for the College Sport Research Institute Conference on College Sport, Columbia, SC.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797.
Tinto, V. (1987). Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition. University of Chicago Press, 5801 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637.
Waldron, I., & Jacobs, J. A. (1989). Effects of multiple roles on women's health-evidence from a national longitudinal study. Women & Health, 15(1), 3-20.
Warner, S., & Dixon, M. A. (2013). Sports and community on campus: Constructing a sports experience that matters. Journal of College Student Development, 54(3), 283-298.
Warner, S., Dixon, M. A., & Chalip, L. (2012). The impact of formal versus informal sport: Mapping the differences in sense of community. Journal of Community Psychology, 40(8), 983-1003.
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2021-02-26
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Copyright (c) 2021 Marlene A Dixon, Daniel Springer
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Springer, D., & Dixon, M. A. (2021). College Student Development within the Context of Formalized Sport in American Higher Education. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v14i1.11755
