A Deficiency of Donors or an Abundance of Barriers? Title IX Fundraising Challenges from the Perspective of Athletic Department Fundraisers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v13i1.13304Keywords:
Title IX, College athletics, FundraisingAbstract
This paper explores how Title IX effects college athletic fundraising, particularly how athletic fundraisers creates an unfair environment for non-football and basketball programs. Using distributive justice as a theoretical lens, we examine the perspective of athletic department fundraisers working at NCAA, Power Five athletic departments. Interviews from participants gleaned insights into only meeting the minimum legal requirements of Title IX, fighting between non-revenue programs for remaining resources, elevated requirements for program success for non-football and basketball programs, and more. This paper aims at providing insight into a distinct context of fundraising, which often avoids Title IX scrutiny, but is the primary outlet for athletic departments to raise additional funds for their sport programs.
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References
Bruening, J. E., & Dixon, M. A. (2007). Work-family conflict in coaching II: Managing role conflict. Journal of Sport Management, 21, 471-496.
Cheslock, J. J., & Knight, D. B. (2015). Diverging revenues, cascading expenditures, and ensuing subsidies: The unbalanced and growing financial strain of intercollegiate athletics on universities and their students. The Journal of Higher Education, 86, 417-447.
Cunningham, G. B., Sagas, M. (2005). Access discrimination in intercollegiate athletics. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 29, 148-163.
Deutsch, M. (1975a). Distributive justice. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Deutsch, M. (1975b). Equity, equality, and need: what determines which value will be used as the basis of distributive justice? Journal of Social Issues, 31, 137-149.
Dixon, M. A., Turner, B. A., Pastore, D. L., & Mahony, D. F. (2003). Rule violations in intercollegiate athletics: A qualitative investigation utilizing an organizational justice framework. Journal of Academic Ethics, 1, 59-90.
Edwards, A. R. (2010). Why sport? The development of sport as a policy issue in Title IX of the education amendments of 1972. Journal of Policy History, 22, 300-336.
Fleischman, R. P., Byers, M. E., & Lincoln, C. S. (2000). Gender and college athletics: 25 years after Title IX. Journal of Legal Aspects in Sport, 10, 28-38.
Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry, 12, 219-245.
Francis, L. (2016). Title IX: An incomplete effort to achieve equality in sports. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 43, 83-99.
Frank, R. H. (2004). Challenging the myth: A review of the links among college athletic success, student quality, and donations. Miami, FL: Knight Foundation Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics.
Gioia, D. A., & Chittipeddi, K. (1991). Sensemaking and sensegiving in strategic change initiation. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 433-448.
Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2012). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16, 15-31.
Gioia, D. A., & Thomas, J. B. (1996). Identity, image and issue interpretation: Sensemaking during strategic change in academia. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 370-403.
Gladden, J. M., Mahony, D. F., & Apostolopoulou, A. (2005). Toward a better understanding of college athletic donors: What are the primary motives? Sport Marketing Quarterly, 14, 18-30.
Huml, M. R., Pifer, N. D., Towle, C., & Rode, C. R. (2019). If we build it, will they come? The effect of new athletic facilities on recruiting rankings for power five football and men's basketball programs. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 29, 1-18.
Hums, M. A., & Chelladurai, P. (1994). Distributive justice in intercollegiate athletics: The views of NCAA coaches and administrators. Journal of Sport Management, 8, 200- 217.
Jayakumar, U. M., & Comeaux, E. (2016). The cultural cover-up of college athletics: How organizational culture perpetuates an unrealistic and idealized balancing act. The Journal of Higher Education, 87, 488-515.
Johnson, J. K. (1994). Title IX and intercollegiate athletics: Current judicial interpretation of the standards for compliance. Boston University Law Review, 74, 553.
Kim, S., Andrew, D. P. S., Mahony, D.F., & Hums, M. A. (2008). Distributive justice in intercollegiate athletics: Perceptions of student athletes. International Journal of Sport Management, 9, 379–393.
Mahony, D. F., & Pastore, D. (1998). Distributive justice: An examination of participation opportunities, revenues, and expenses at NCAA institutions — 1973-1993. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 22, 127-152
Mahony, D. F., Hums, M. A., & Riemer, H. A. (2002). Distributive justice in intercollegiate athletics: Perceptions of athletic directors and athletic board chairs. Journal of Sport Management, 16, 331-356.
Mahony, D.F., Gladden, J.M., & Funk, D.C. (2003). Examining athletic donors at NCAA Division I institutions. International Sports Journal, 7, 9-27.
Mahony, D. F., Hums, M. A., & Riemer, H. A. (2005). Bases for determining need: Perspectives of intercollegiate athletic directors and athletic board chairs. Journal of Sport Management, 19, 170-192.
Mahony, D. F., Riemer, H. A., Breeding, J. L., & Hums, M. A. (2006). Organizational justice in sport organizations: Perceptions of college athletes and other college students. Journal of Sport Management, 20, 159-188.
Marburger, D. R., & Hogshead-Makar, N. (2003). Is Title IX really to blame for the decline in intercollegiate men's nonrevenue sports? Marquette Sports Law Review, 14, 65-94.
Martinez, J. M., Stinson, J. L., Kang, M., & Jubenville, C. B. (2010). Intercollegiate athletics and institutional fundraising: A meta-analysis. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 19, 36-47.
Messner, M. A., & Solomon, N. M. (2007). Social justice and men’s interests: The case of Title IX. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 31, 162-178.
NCAA. (2018). NCAA Division I Manual. Indianapolis, IN: Author.
Park, C., Jae Ko, Y., Kim, H. Y., Sagas, M., & Eddosary, M. (2016). Donor motivation in college sport: Does contribution level matter? Social Behavior and Personality, 44, 1015-1032.
Patrick, I. S. C., Mahony, D. F., & Petrosko, J. M. (2008). Distributive justice in intercollegiate athletics: An examination of equality, revenue production, and need. Journal of Sport Management, 22, 165-183.
Rubin, L. M., & Lough, N. L. (2015). Perspectives of Title IX pioneers: Equity, equality and need. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 8, 109-130.
Shulman, J.L., & Bowen, W.G. (2001). The game of life: College sports and educational values, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
Sparvero, E. S., & Warner, S. (2013). The price of winning and the impact on the NCAA community. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 6, 120-142.
Stinson, J. L., & Howard, D. R. (2004). Scoreboards vs. mortarboards: Major donor behavior and intercollegiate athletics. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 13, 129-140.
Stinson, J. L., & Howard, D. R. (2007). Athletic success and private giving to athletic and academic programs at NCAA institutions. Journal of Sport Management, 21, 235-264.
Stinson, J. L., & Howard, D. R. (2010). Intercollegiate athletics as an institutional fundraising tool: An exploratory donor-based view. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 22, 312-335.
Taylor, E. A., Huml, M. R., & Dixon, M. A. (2019). Workaholism in sport: A mediated model of work-family conflict and burnout. Journal of Sport Management, 33, 249-260.
Thelin, J. R. (2000). Good sports? Historical perspective on the political economy of intercollegiate athletics in the era of Title IX, 1972-1997. The Journal of Higher Education, 71, 391-410.
Title IX, 20 U.S.C. § 1681 (1972).
Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics, 44 Fed. Reg at 71, 415-418
Törnblom, K. Y., Jonsson, D., & Foa, U. G. (1985). Nationality, resource class and preferences among three allocation rules: Sweden vs. USA. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 9, 51-77.
Tygart, T. T. (2000). Title IX: The Monitoring of Private Athletic Donations. Oklahoma Law Review, 53, 57-76.
Cheslock, J. J., & Knight, D. B. (2015). Diverging revenues, cascading expenditures, and ensuing subsidies: The unbalanced and growing financial strain of intercollegiate athletics on universities and their students. The Journal of Higher Education, 86, 417-447.
Cunningham, G. B., Sagas, M. (2005). Access discrimination in intercollegiate athletics. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 29, 148-163.
Deutsch, M. (1975a). Distributive justice. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Deutsch, M. (1975b). Equity, equality, and need: what determines which value will be used as the basis of distributive justice? Journal of Social Issues, 31, 137-149.
Dixon, M. A., Turner, B. A., Pastore, D. L., & Mahony, D. F. (2003). Rule violations in intercollegiate athletics: A qualitative investigation utilizing an organizational justice framework. Journal of Academic Ethics, 1, 59-90.
Edwards, A. R. (2010). Why sport? The development of sport as a policy issue in Title IX of the education amendments of 1972. Journal of Policy History, 22, 300-336.
Fleischman, R. P., Byers, M. E., & Lincoln, C. S. (2000). Gender and college athletics: 25 years after Title IX. Journal of Legal Aspects in Sport, 10, 28-38.
Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry, 12, 219-245.
Francis, L. (2016). Title IX: An incomplete effort to achieve equality in sports. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 43, 83-99.
Frank, R. H. (2004). Challenging the myth: A review of the links among college athletic success, student quality, and donations. Miami, FL: Knight Foundation Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics.
Gioia, D. A., & Chittipeddi, K. (1991). Sensemaking and sensegiving in strategic change initiation. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 433-448.
Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2012). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16, 15-31.
Gioia, D. A., & Thomas, J. B. (1996). Identity, image and issue interpretation: Sensemaking during strategic change in academia. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 370-403.
Gladden, J. M., Mahony, D. F., & Apostolopoulou, A. (2005). Toward a better understanding of college athletic donors: What are the primary motives? Sport Marketing Quarterly, 14, 18-30.
Huml, M. R., Pifer, N. D., Towle, C., & Rode, C. R. (2019). If we build it, will they come? The effect of new athletic facilities on recruiting rankings for power five football and men's basketball programs. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 29, 1-18.
Hums, M. A., & Chelladurai, P. (1994). Distributive justice in intercollegiate athletics: The views of NCAA coaches and administrators. Journal of Sport Management, 8, 200- 217.
Jayakumar, U. M., & Comeaux, E. (2016). The cultural cover-up of college athletics: How organizational culture perpetuates an unrealistic and idealized balancing act. The Journal of Higher Education, 87, 488-515.
Johnson, J. K. (1994). Title IX and intercollegiate athletics: Current judicial interpretation of the standards for compliance. Boston University Law Review, 74, 553.
Kim, S., Andrew, D. P. S., Mahony, D.F., & Hums, M. A. (2008). Distributive justice in intercollegiate athletics: Perceptions of student athletes. International Journal of Sport Management, 9, 379–393.
Mahony, D. F., & Pastore, D. (1998). Distributive justice: An examination of participation opportunities, revenues, and expenses at NCAA institutions — 1973-1993. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 22, 127-152
Mahony, D. F., Hums, M. A., & Riemer, H. A. (2002). Distributive justice in intercollegiate athletics: Perceptions of athletic directors and athletic board chairs. Journal of Sport Management, 16, 331-356.
Mahony, D.F., Gladden, J.M., & Funk, D.C. (2003). Examining athletic donors at NCAA Division I institutions. International Sports Journal, 7, 9-27.
Mahony, D. F., Hums, M. A., & Riemer, H. A. (2005). Bases for determining need: Perspectives of intercollegiate athletic directors and athletic board chairs. Journal of Sport Management, 19, 170-192.
Mahony, D. F., Riemer, H. A., Breeding, J. L., & Hums, M. A. (2006). Organizational justice in sport organizations: Perceptions of college athletes and other college students. Journal of Sport Management, 20, 159-188.
Marburger, D. R., & Hogshead-Makar, N. (2003). Is Title IX really to blame for the decline in intercollegiate men's nonrevenue sports? Marquette Sports Law Review, 14, 65-94.
Martinez, J. M., Stinson, J. L., Kang, M., & Jubenville, C. B. (2010). Intercollegiate athletics and institutional fundraising: A meta-analysis. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 19, 36-47.
Messner, M. A., & Solomon, N. M. (2007). Social justice and men’s interests: The case of Title IX. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 31, 162-178.
NCAA. (2018). NCAA Division I Manual. Indianapolis, IN: Author.
Park, C., Jae Ko, Y., Kim, H. Y., Sagas, M., & Eddosary, M. (2016). Donor motivation in college sport: Does contribution level matter? Social Behavior and Personality, 44, 1015-1032.
Patrick, I. S. C., Mahony, D. F., & Petrosko, J. M. (2008). Distributive justice in intercollegiate athletics: An examination of equality, revenue production, and need. Journal of Sport Management, 22, 165-183.
Rubin, L. M., & Lough, N. L. (2015). Perspectives of Title IX pioneers: Equity, equality and need. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 8, 109-130.
Shulman, J.L., & Bowen, W.G. (2001). The game of life: College sports and educational values, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
Sparvero, E. S., & Warner, S. (2013). The price of winning and the impact on the NCAA community. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 6, 120-142.
Stinson, J. L., & Howard, D. R. (2004). Scoreboards vs. mortarboards: Major donor behavior and intercollegiate athletics. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 13, 129-140.
Stinson, J. L., & Howard, D. R. (2007). Athletic success and private giving to athletic and academic programs at NCAA institutions. Journal of Sport Management, 21, 235-264.
Stinson, J. L., & Howard, D. R. (2010). Intercollegiate athletics as an institutional fundraising tool: An exploratory donor-based view. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 22, 312-335.
Taylor, E. A., Huml, M. R., & Dixon, M. A. (2019). Workaholism in sport: A mediated model of work-family conflict and burnout. Journal of Sport Management, 33, 249-260.
Thelin, J. R. (2000). Good sports? Historical perspective on the political economy of intercollegiate athletics in the era of Title IX, 1972-1997. The Journal of Higher Education, 71, 391-410.
Title IX, 20 U.S.C. § 1681 (1972).
Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics, 44 Fed. Reg at 71, 415-418
Törnblom, K. Y., Jonsson, D., & Foa, U. G. (1985). Nationality, resource class and preferences among three allocation rules: Sweden vs. USA. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 9, 51-77.
Tygart, T. T. (2000). Title IX: The Monitoring of Private Athletic Donations. Oklahoma Law Review, 53, 57-76.
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2020-09-08
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Copyright (c) 2020 Matt R Huml, Katie M Brown, Mathew J Bergman
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How to Cite
Huml, M. R., Brown, K. M., & Bergman, M. J. (2020). A Deficiency of Donors or an Abundance of Barriers? Title IX Fundraising Challenges from the Perspective of Athletic Department Fundraisers. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 13(1), 48-68. https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v13i1.13304
