Health and Well-Being Measures of Collegiate Athlete and Non-Athlete Graduates
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v14i1.13498Keywords:
athlete perceptions, intercollegiate athletics, social psychologyAbstract
American collegiate sport participation has been linked with psychosocial and career-related benefits as well as with mental and physical health risks, with extant research on this topic revealing mixed results. The study purpose was, informed by the Health through Sport Conceptual Model, to describe and compare associations among health related quality of life and psychosocial measures of former U.S. collegiate athletes and non-athletes from four university graduation cohorts. Results suggest on aggregate former collegiate athletes report more positive measures than their non-athlete peers. Study findings were, in some instances, mitigated/reversed when participants endorsed concussion, career ending injury or revenue sport participation histories or were female. Though limited by a cross-sectional design and a potential health worker effect, results provide some support for protective associations of collegiate athletics participation. This study also provides a theoretical bridge from intercollegiate athletics participation to broader sport promotion literatures.
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References
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Brooks, K. A., Potter, A. W., Carter, J. G., & Leal, E. (2014). Risk of chronic disease and disability in former competitive collegiate athletes. Int J Phys Med Rehabil, 2, 2.
Cella, D., Riley, W., Stone, A., Rothrock, N., Reeve, B., Yount, S., ... & Cook, K. (2010). The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005–2008. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63, 1179-1194.
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Chen, S., Snyder, S., & Magner, M. (2010). The effects of sport participation on collegiate athletes’ and non-athlete students’ social life and identity. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 3, 176-193.
Cialdini, R. (2006). Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion, Revised edition. New York, NY:
William Morrow & Company, Inc.
Certain, H. E., Harahan, B. J., Saewyc, E. M., & Fleming, M. F. (2009). Condom use in heavy drinking college students: The importance of always using condoms. Journal of American College Health, 58, 187-194.
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396.
DeFreese, J. D., & Smith, A. L. (2014). Athlete social support, negative social interactions, and psychological health across a competitive sport season. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36, 619-630.
DeWalt, D. A., Rothrock, N., Yount, S., & Stone, A. A. (2007). Evaluation of item candidates: The PROMIS qualitative item review. Medical Care, 45(5 Suppl 1), S12.
Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10, 98.
Fehr, E., Fischbacher, U., & Gächter, S. (2002). Strong reciprocity, human cooperation, and the
enforcement of social norms. Human Nature, 13(1), 1-25.
Fries, J. F., Bruce, B., & Cella, D. (2005). The promise of PROMIS: using item response theory to improve assessment of patient-reported outcomes. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, 23, S53.
Gayles, J. G., & Blanchard, J. (2018). Playing outside the lines: Contemporary legal issues in college sports. New Directions for Student Services, 2018, 23-32.
Goodger, K., Gorely, T., Lavallee, D., & Harwood, C. (2007). Burnout in sport: A systematic review. The Sport Psychologist, 21, 127-151.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 207-219). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall.
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Houston, M. N., Hoch, M. C., & Hoch, J. M. (2016). Health-Related Quality of Life in athletes: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Athletic Training, 51, 442-453.
Howie, L. D., Lukacs, S. L., Pastor, P. N., Reuben, C. A., & Mendola, P. (2010). Participation in activities outside of school hours in relation to problem behavior and social skills in middle childhood. Journal of School Health, 80, 119-125.
Huang, J. H., Jacobs, D. F., Derevensky, J. L., Gupta, R., & Paskus, T. S. (2007). Gambling and health risk behaviors among US college collegiate athletes: Findings from a national study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 390-397.
Hulteen, R. M., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D. F., & Lubans, D. R. (2018). Development of foundational movement skills: A conceptual model for physical activity across the lifespan. Sports Medicine, 48, 1533-1540.
Inoue, Y., Funk, D., & Jordan, J. (2013). The role of running involvement in creating self-sufficiency for homeless individuals through a community-based running program. Journal of Sport Management, 27, 439-453.
Irick, E. (2017). Collegiate athlete participation: 1981-82-2016-17. Retrieved from NCAA website: https://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/2016-17NCAA-0472_ParticRatesReport-FINAL_20171120.pdf
Kerr, Z. Y., DeFreese, J. D., & Marshall, S. W. (2014). Current physical and mental health of former collegiate athletes. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2, 2325967114544107.
Kerr, Z. Y., Marshall, S. W., Dompier, T. P., Corlette, J., Klossner, D. A., & Gilchrist, J. (2015). College sports-related injuries—United States, 2009-10 through 2013-14 academic years. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 64, 1330-1336.
Linver, M. R., Roth, J. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2009). Patterns of adolescents' participation in organized activities: Are sports best when combined with other activities?. Developmental Psychology, 45, 354.
Michaud, P. A., Jeannin, A., & Suris, J. C. (2006). Correlates of extracurricular sport participation among Swiss adolescents. European Journal of Pediatrics, 165, 546.
Mitchell, P. H., Powell, L., Blumenthal, J., Norten, J., Ironson, G., Pitula, C. R., ... & Berkman, L. F. (2003). A short social support measure for patients recovering from myocardial infarction: the ENRICHD Social Support Inventory. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, 23, 398-403.
NCAA (2016). Interassociation Consensus Statement: Mental health best practices – Understanding and supporting student-athlete mental wellness. Retrieved from NCAA website: https://ncaaorg.s3.amazonaws.com/ssi/mental/SSI_MentalHealthBestPractices.pdf
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 137-152.
Reeve, B. B., Hays, R. D., Bjorner, J. B., Cook, K. F., Crane, P. K., Teresi, J. A., ... & Liu, H. (2007). Psychometric evaluation and calibration of health-related quality of life item banks: plans for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Medical Care, 45, S22-S31.
Simon, J. E., & Docherty, C. L. (2014). Current health-related quality of life is lower in former Division I collegiate athletes than in non–collegiate athletes. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42, 423-429.
Singer, J. N. (2008). Benefits and detriments of African American male athletes' participation in a big-time college football program. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 43, 399-408.
Snedden, T. R., Scerpella, J., Kliethermes, S. A., Norman, R. S., Blyholder, L., Sanfilippo, J., McGuine, T. A., & Heiderscheit, B. (2019). Sport and physical activity level impacts health-related quality of life among collegiate students. American Journal of Health Promotion, 33, 675-682.
Spaaij, R., & Schulenkorf, N. (2014). Cultivating safe space: Lessons for Sport-for-Development projects and events. Journal of Sport Management, 28, 633-645.
Taliaferro, L. A., Rienzo, B. A., Miller, M. D., Pigg Jr, R. M., & Dodd, V. J. (2008). High school youth and suicide risk: exploring protection afforded through physical activity and sport participation. Journal of School Health, 78, 545-553.
Taylor, J., & Ogilvie, B. C. (1994). A conceptual model of adaptation to retirement among athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 6, 1-20.
Valois, R. F., Zullig, K. J., Huebner, E. S., & Drane, J. W. (2004). Physical activity behaviors and perceived life satisfaction among public high school adolescents. Journal of School Health, 74, 59-65.
Warner, S., & Dixon, M. A. (2011). Understanding sense of community from the athlete’s perspective. Journal of Sport Management, 25, 257-271.
Weight, E.A., Bonfiglio, A., DeFreese, J.D., Kerr, Z., & Osborne, B. (2018). Occupational measures of former NCAA athletes and traditional students. The International Journal of Sport Management, 19, 1-26.
Weight, E. A., & Cooper, C. G. (2015). Framing the industry. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 7, 57-83.
Weight, E. A., Navarro, K., Huffman, L., & Smith-Ryan, A. (2014). Quantifying the psychological benefits of intercollegiate athletics participation. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 7, 390-409.
Berg, B. K., Warner, S., & Das, B. M. (2015). What about sport? A public health perspective on leisure-time physical activity. Sport Management Review, 18, 20-31. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.09.005
Brooks, K. A., Potter, A. W., Carter, J. G., & Leal, E. (2014). Risk of chronic disease and disability in former competitive collegiate athletes. Int J Phys Med Rehabil, 2, 2.
Cella, D., Riley, W., Stone, A., Rothrock, N., Reeve, B., Yount, S., ... & Cook, K. (2010). The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005–2008. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63, 1179-1194.
Chalfin, M.A., Weight, E.A., Osborne, B., & Johnson, S. (2015). The value of intercollegiate athletics participation from the perspective of employers who target athletes. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 8, 1-27.
Chang, C. J., Putukian, M., Aerni, G., Diamond, A. B., Hong, E. S., Ingram, Y. M. Reardon, C. L., & Wolanin, A. T. (2020, published online ahead of print). American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement: Mental health issues and psychological factors in athletes: Detection, management, effect on performance, and prevention – Executive summary. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine.
Chen, S., Snyder, S., & Magner, M. (2010). The effects of sport participation on collegiate athletes’ and non-athlete students’ social life and identity. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 3, 176-193.
Cialdini, R. (2006). Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion, Revised edition. New York, NY:
William Morrow & Company, Inc.
Certain, H. E., Harahan, B. J., Saewyc, E. M., & Fleming, M. F. (2009). Condom use in heavy drinking college students: The importance of always using condoms. Journal of American College Health, 58, 187-194.
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396.
DeFreese, J. D., & Smith, A. L. (2014). Athlete social support, negative social interactions, and psychological health across a competitive sport season. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36, 619-630.
DeWalt, D. A., Rothrock, N., Yount, S., & Stone, A. A. (2007). Evaluation of item candidates: The PROMIS qualitative item review. Medical Care, 45(5 Suppl 1), S12.
Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10, 98.
Fehr, E., Fischbacher, U., & Gächter, S. (2002). Strong reciprocity, human cooperation, and the
enforcement of social norms. Human Nature, 13(1), 1-25.
Fries, J. F., Bruce, B., & Cella, D. (2005). The promise of PROMIS: using item response theory to improve assessment of patient-reported outcomes. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, 23, S53.
Gayles, J. G., & Blanchard, J. (2018). Playing outside the lines: Contemporary legal issues in college sports. New Directions for Student Services, 2018, 23-32.
Goodger, K., Gorely, T., Lavallee, D., & Harwood, C. (2007). Burnout in sport: A systematic review. The Sport Psychologist, 21, 127-151.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 207-219). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall.
Hansen, D. M., Larson, R. W., & Dworkin, J. B. (2003). What adolescents learn in organized youth activities: A survey of self‐reported developmental experiences. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13, 25-55.
Houston, M. N., Hoch, M. C., & Hoch, J. M. (2016). Health-Related Quality of Life in athletes: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Athletic Training, 51, 442-453.
Howie, L. D., Lukacs, S. L., Pastor, P. N., Reuben, C. A., & Mendola, P. (2010). Participation in activities outside of school hours in relation to problem behavior and social skills in middle childhood. Journal of School Health, 80, 119-125.
Huang, J. H., Jacobs, D. F., Derevensky, J. L., Gupta, R., & Paskus, T. S. (2007). Gambling and health risk behaviors among US college collegiate athletes: Findings from a national study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 390-397.
Hulteen, R. M., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D. F., & Lubans, D. R. (2018). Development of foundational movement skills: A conceptual model for physical activity across the lifespan. Sports Medicine, 48, 1533-1540.
Inoue, Y., Funk, D., & Jordan, J. (2013). The role of running involvement in creating self-sufficiency for homeless individuals through a community-based running program. Journal of Sport Management, 27, 439-453.
Irick, E. (2017). Collegiate athlete participation: 1981-82-2016-17. Retrieved from NCAA website: https://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/2016-17NCAA-0472_ParticRatesReport-FINAL_20171120.pdf
Kerr, Z. Y., DeFreese, J. D., & Marshall, S. W. (2014). Current physical and mental health of former collegiate athletes. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2, 2325967114544107.
Kerr, Z. Y., Marshall, S. W., Dompier, T. P., Corlette, J., Klossner, D. A., & Gilchrist, J. (2015). College sports-related injuries—United States, 2009-10 through 2013-14 academic years. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 64, 1330-1336.
Linver, M. R., Roth, J. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2009). Patterns of adolescents' participation in organized activities: Are sports best when combined with other activities?. Developmental Psychology, 45, 354.
Michaud, P. A., Jeannin, A., & Suris, J. C. (2006). Correlates of extracurricular sport participation among Swiss adolescents. European Journal of Pediatrics, 165, 546.
Mitchell, P. H., Powell, L., Blumenthal, J., Norten, J., Ironson, G., Pitula, C. R., ... & Berkman, L. F. (2003). A short social support measure for patients recovering from myocardial infarction: the ENRICHD Social Support Inventory. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, 23, 398-403.
NCAA (2016). Interassociation Consensus Statement: Mental health best practices – Understanding and supporting student-athlete mental wellness. Retrieved from NCAA website: https://ncaaorg.s3.amazonaws.com/ssi/mental/SSI_MentalHealthBestPractices.pdf
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 137-152.
Reeve, B. B., Hays, R. D., Bjorner, J. B., Cook, K. F., Crane, P. K., Teresi, J. A., ... & Liu, H. (2007). Psychometric evaluation and calibration of health-related quality of life item banks: plans for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Medical Care, 45, S22-S31.
Simon, J. E., & Docherty, C. L. (2014). Current health-related quality of life is lower in former Division I collegiate athletes than in non–collegiate athletes. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42, 423-429.
Singer, J. N. (2008). Benefits and detriments of African American male athletes' participation in a big-time college football program. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 43, 399-408.
Snedden, T. R., Scerpella, J., Kliethermes, S. A., Norman, R. S., Blyholder, L., Sanfilippo, J., McGuine, T. A., & Heiderscheit, B. (2019). Sport and physical activity level impacts health-related quality of life among collegiate students. American Journal of Health Promotion, 33, 675-682.
Spaaij, R., & Schulenkorf, N. (2014). Cultivating safe space: Lessons for Sport-for-Development projects and events. Journal of Sport Management, 28, 633-645.
Taliaferro, L. A., Rienzo, B. A., Miller, M. D., Pigg Jr, R. M., & Dodd, V. J. (2008). High school youth and suicide risk: exploring protection afforded through physical activity and sport participation. Journal of School Health, 78, 545-553.
Taylor, J., & Ogilvie, B. C. (1994). A conceptual model of adaptation to retirement among athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 6, 1-20.
Valois, R. F., Zullig, K. J., Huebner, E. S., & Drane, J. W. (2004). Physical activity behaviors and perceived life satisfaction among public high school adolescents. Journal of School Health, 74, 59-65.
Warner, S., & Dixon, M. A. (2011). Understanding sense of community from the athlete’s perspective. Journal of Sport Management, 25, 257-271.
Weight, E.A., Bonfiglio, A., DeFreese, J.D., Kerr, Z., & Osborne, B. (2018). Occupational measures of former NCAA athletes and traditional students. The International Journal of Sport Management, 19, 1-26.
Weight, E. A., & Cooper, C. G. (2015). Framing the industry. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 7, 57-83.
Weight, E. A., Navarro, K., Huffman, L., & Smith-Ryan, A. (2014). Quantifying the psychological benefits of intercollegiate athletics participation. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 7, 390-409.
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2021-02-26
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Copyright (c) 2021 J.D. DeFreese, Erianne Weight, Zachary Kerr, Emily Kroshus
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How to Cite
DeFreese, J., Weight, E., Kerr, Z., & Kroshus, E. (2021). Health and Well-Being Measures of Collegiate Athlete and Non-Athlete Graduates. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v14i1.13498
