NCAA Exit Interviews and Surveys: Academic Experiences of College Athletes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v14i1.13739Keywords:
Exit interviews, Exit surveys, Intercollegiate athletics, AcademicsAbstract
Institutions are required to conduct exit interviews and surveys (EIS) with departing athletes, however, these instruments are currently an untapped data source for further understanding the college athlete experience. This study examined 17 FBS institutions’ exit interviews and surveys with 528 athletes, focusing on athletes’ academic experiences. Analyses revealed that EIS questions pertaining to educational experiences focused on the following areas: academic services, overall academic experiences, time demands, coach support of academics, and faculty support. Athletes in this sample expressed overall positive academic experiences and gratitude for the academic services provided. Additionally, the majority of athletes noted few issues with time demands, strong coach support for their academic progress, and positive faculty interactions. These findings challenge some of the current literature noting negative educational experiences and opportunities for college athletes. Implications and recommendations for the field are discussed.
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References
Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (1991). Backboards & blackboards: College athletics and role engulfment. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Baucom, C., & Lantz, C. D. (2001). Faculty attitudes toward male Division II student-athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(3), 265-277.
Benedict, J., & Keteyian, A. (2014). The system: The glory and scandal of big-time college football. New York, NY: Anchor Books.
Brand, M. (2006). The role and value of intercollegiate athletics in universities. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 33(1), 9-20.
Branham, L. (2005). Planning to become an employer of choice. Journal of Organizational Excellence, 24(3), 57-68.
Branham, L. (2012). The 7 hidden reasons employees leave: How to recognize the subtle signs and act before it's too late. New York, NY: AMACOM.
Brey, B. B. (2018). Document analysis. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Education Research, Measurement, and Evaluation. Sage Publications.
Brown, G. Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9, 27-40.
Burns, G. N, Jasinski, D., Dunn, S., & Fletcher, D. (2013). Academic support services and career decision-making self-efficacy in student athletes. The Career Development Quarterly, 61, 161-167.
Carolina Alumni Review. (2014, June 6). McCants says fraudulent classes may be all that kept him eligible. Carolina Alumni Review. Retrieved from: https://alumni.unc.edu/news/mccants-says-fraudulent-classes-may-be-all-that-kept-him-eligible/
Case, B., Greer, S., & Brown, J. (1987). Academic clustering in athletics: Myth or reality? Arena Review, 11(2), 48-56.
Chickering, A. W., & Gamson, Z. F. (1987). Seven principles for good practice in undergraduate education. AAHE bulletin, 3, 2-6.
Clotfelter, C. T. (2019). Big-time sports in American universities. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Comeaux, E. (2011a). A study of attitudes toward college student-athletes: Implications for faculty-athletics engagement. The Journal of Negro Education, 80(4), 521-532.
Comeaux, E. (2011b). Examination of faculty attitudes toward Division I college student-athletes. College Student Affairs Journal, 30(1), 75.
Comeaux, E. & Harrison, C. K. (2011). A conceptual model of academic success for student–athletes. Educational Researcher, 40(5), 235-245.
Cooper, C. G., Weight, E. A., & Pierce, D. (2014). The leader-value continuum: NCAA Division I core values and transformational leadership. The International Journal of Sport Management, 15, 1-21.
Di Lu, L., Heinze, K. L., & Soderstrom, S. (2018). Playing multiple positions: Student-athlete identity salience and conflict. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 11(2), 214 - 241.
Division I Academic Progress Rate (n.d.). NCAA. Retrieved from: http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/division-i-academic-progress-rate-apr
Duderstadt, J. J. (2009). Intercollegiate athletics and the American university: A university president's perspective. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Engstrom, C. M., Sedlacek, W. E., & McEwen, M. K. (1995). Faculty attitudes toward male revenue and nonrevenue student-athletes. Journal of College Student Development, 36(3), 217-227.
Exit Interviews (n.d.). The Intercollegiate. Retrieved from: https://theintercollegiate.com/exit-interviews
Feinberg, R. A., & Jeppeson, N. (2000). Validity of exit interviews in retailing. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 7(3), 123-127.
Feltz, D. L., Schneider, R., Hwang, S., & Skogsberg, N. J. (2013). Predictors of collegiate student-athletes' susceptibility to stereotype threat. Journal of College Student Development, 54(2), 184-201.
Fountain, J. J., & Finley, P. S. (2011). Academic clustering: A longitudinal analysis of a Division I football program. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 4, 24-41.
Gaston-Gayles, J. L. (2004). Examining academic and athletic motivation among student athletes at a Division I university. Journal of College Student Development, 45(1), 75-83.
Gayles, J. L. (2015). Today’s college athlete. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), Introduction to intercollegiate athletics, (pp. 83-91). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Giacalone, R. A., & Duhon, D. (1991). Assessing intended employee behavior in exit interviews. The Journal of Psychology, 125(1), 83-90.
Giacalone, R.A., & Knouse, S.B. (1989). Farewell to fruitless exit interviews. Personnel, 66(9), 60-62.
Graham, A., & Ogozalek, S. (2018, February 14). Some SU athletes said they were forced into majors ‘they did not want,’ following national trend. The Daily Orange. Retrived from: http://dailyorange.com/2018/02/su-athletes-said-forced-majors-not-want-following-national-trend/
Gurney, G., Lopiano, D. A., & Zimbalist, A. (2017). Unwinding madness: What went wrong with college sports and how to fix it. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Hawkins, B., Baker, A. R., & Brackebusch, V. B. (2015). Intercollegiate athletics and amateurism. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), Introduction to intercollegiate athletics, (pp. 312-325). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hendricks, S. P., & Johnson, A. T. (2016). The athlete-student dilemma. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 8(4), 1-20.
Hirko, S., & Sweitzer, K. V. (2015). The business model of intercollegiate sports: The haves and the have nots. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), Introduction to intercollegiate athletics, (pp. 147-162). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Horner, M., Ternes, N., & McLeod, C. (2016). Not going pro: On seeking lasting returns from college sports. Journal of Amateur Sport, 2(1), 188-213.
Huml, M. R., Hancock, M. G., & Bergman, M. J. (2014). Additional support or extravagant cost?: Student-athletes' perceptions on athletic academic centers. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 7, 410-430.
Ingrassia, B. (2012). Rise of Gridiron University. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
Jayakumar, U. M., & Comeaux, E. (2016). The cultural cover-up of college athletics: How organizational culture perpetuates an unrealistic and idealized balancing act. The Journal of Higher Education, 87(4), 488-515.
Jolly, J. C. (2008). Raising the question# 9 is the student-athlete population unique? And why should we care?. Communication Education, 57(1), 145-151.
Jowett, S. (2017). At the heart of effective sport leadership lies the dyadic coach-athlete relationship. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 13(1), 62-64.
Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics (2010). Restoring the balance: Dollars, values, and the future of college sports. Retrieved from: https://knightfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/KCIA_Report_restoring_the_balance_2011.pdf
Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics. (2014). Trends in spending and institutional funding. http://spendingdatabase.knightcommission.org/fbs
Knouse, S. B., & Giacalone, R. A. (1992). Ethical decision-making in business: Behavioral issues and concerns. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(5-6), 369-377.
Lederman, D. (2019, February 1). NCAA punishes Missouri in blatant academic fraud. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from: https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/02/01/ncaa-punishes-missouri-blatant-case-academic-fraud
Lefkowitz, J., & Katz, M. L. (1969). Validity of exit interviews. Personnel Psychology, 22(4), 445–455.
Martin, B., Harrison, C., & Bukstein, S. (2010). " It takes a village" for African American male scholar-athletes. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 4(3), 277-295.
Merriam, S. B. (2002). Assessing and evaluating qualitative research. In S.B. Merriam (Ed.), Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis (pp. 18-33). Jossey- Bass.
Meyer, B. B. (1990). From idealism to actualization: The academic performance of female collegiate athletes. Sociology of Sport Journal, 7(1), 44-57.
Miles, M. B, Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. M. (2020). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. New York, NY: Sage Publications.
NCAA Goals Study (2016). NCAA GOALS Study of the student-athlete experience: Initial summary of findings. NCAA. Retrieved from: https://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/GOALS_2015_summary_jan2016_final_20160627.pdf
NCAA Manual (2019). NCAA. Retrieved from: https://www.ncaapublications.com/p-4577-2019-2020-ncaa-division-i-manual-august-version-available-for-presell-now.aspx
Neal, J. (1989). Employee turnover and the exit interview. Library Trends, 38(1), 32-39.
Otts, M. & Bates, E. (2015). Leadership in intercollegiate athletics In E. Comeaux (Ed.), Introduction to intercollegiate athletics, (pp. 34-47). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Park, S., Lavallee, D., & Tod, D. (2013). Athletes' career transition out of sport: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 22-53.
Play Division I Sports (n.d.). NCAA. Retrieved from: http://www.ncaa.org/student-athletes/play-division-i-sports
Potuto, J. J. R., & O'Hanlon, J. (2007). National study of student-athletes regarding their experiences as college students. College Student Journal, 41(4), 947-966.
Ridpath, B.D. (2010). Perceptions of NCAA division I athletes on motivations concerning the use of specialized academic support services in the era of academic progress rate. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 3, 253-271.
Robinson, J. A. (2017, December 11). Athletic travel and practice requirements are overwhelming students. The James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal. Retrieved from: https://www.jamesgmartin.center/2017/12/athletic-travel-practice-requirements-overwhelming-students/
Rubin, L. M., & Moses, R. A. (2017). Athletic subculture within student-athlete academic centers. Sociology of Sport Journal, 34(4), 317-328.
Saldana, J. M. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. New York, NY: Sage Publications.
Sanders, J. P., & Hildenbrand, K. (2010). Major concerns? A longitudinal analysis of student-athletes’ academic majors in comparative perspective. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 3(2), 213-233.
Scott, B. M., Paskus, T. S., Miranda, M., Petr, T. A., & McArdle, J. J. (2008). In-season vs. out-of-season academic performance of college student-athletes. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 1(2), 202-226.
Shropshire, K. L., & Williams Jr, C. D. (2017). The miseducation of the student athlete: How to fix college sports. Philadelphia, PA: Wharton School Press.
Simons, H. D., Bosworth, C., Fujita, S., & Jensen, M. (2007). The athlete stigma in higher education. College Student Journal, 41(2), 251-274.
Simons, H. D., Van Rheenen, D. & Covington, M. V. (1999). Academic motivation and the student-athlete. Journal of College Student Development, 40(2), 151-162.
Singer, J. N. (2015). The miseducation of African American male college athletes. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), Introduction to intercollegiate athletes, (pp. 193-206). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Smith, J. M., & Willingham, M. (2015). Cheated: The UNC scandal, the education of athletes, and the future of big-time college sports. University of Nebraska Press.
Sperber, M. (1995). Affirmative action for athletes. The Education Digest, 61(4), 57.
Stone, J., Harrison, C. K., & Mottley, J. (2012). “Don't call me a student-athlete”: The effect of identity priming on stereotype threat for academically engaged African American college athletes. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 34(2), 99-106.
Thelin, J. R. (2011). A history of American higher education. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Umbach, P. D., Palmer, M. M., Kuh, G. D., & Hannah, S. J. (2006). Intercollegiate athletes and effective educational practices: Winning combination or losing effort?. Research in Higher Education, 47(6), 709-733.
Valentine, J., & Taub, D. J. (1999). Responding to the developmental needs of student athletes. Journal of College Counseling, 2, 164-180.
Weight, E. A., & Huml, M. R. (2016). Education through athletics. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 9(2), 352-378.
Wininger, S., & White, T. (2008). The dumb jock stereotype: To what extent do student-athletes feel the stereotype? Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 2(2), 227-237.
Wolverton, B. (2016, January 8). NCAA considers easing demands on athletes’ time. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from: https://www.chronicle.com/article/NCAA-Considers-Easing-Demands/234840
Yopyk, D. J., & Prentice, D. A. (2005). Am I an athlete or a student? Identity salience and stereotype threat in student–athletes. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27(4), 329-336.
Baucom, C., & Lantz, C. D. (2001). Faculty attitudes toward male Division II student-athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(3), 265-277.
Benedict, J., & Keteyian, A. (2014). The system: The glory and scandal of big-time college football. New York, NY: Anchor Books.
Brand, M. (2006). The role and value of intercollegiate athletics in universities. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 33(1), 9-20.
Branham, L. (2005). Planning to become an employer of choice. Journal of Organizational Excellence, 24(3), 57-68.
Branham, L. (2012). The 7 hidden reasons employees leave: How to recognize the subtle signs and act before it's too late. New York, NY: AMACOM.
Brey, B. B. (2018). Document analysis. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Education Research, Measurement, and Evaluation. Sage Publications.
Brown, G. Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9, 27-40.
Burns, G. N, Jasinski, D., Dunn, S., & Fletcher, D. (2013). Academic support services and career decision-making self-efficacy in student athletes. The Career Development Quarterly, 61, 161-167.
Carolina Alumni Review. (2014, June 6). McCants says fraudulent classes may be all that kept him eligible. Carolina Alumni Review. Retrieved from: https://alumni.unc.edu/news/mccants-says-fraudulent-classes-may-be-all-that-kept-him-eligible/
Case, B., Greer, S., & Brown, J. (1987). Academic clustering in athletics: Myth or reality? Arena Review, 11(2), 48-56.
Chickering, A. W., & Gamson, Z. F. (1987). Seven principles for good practice in undergraduate education. AAHE bulletin, 3, 2-6.
Clotfelter, C. T. (2019). Big-time sports in American universities. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Comeaux, E. (2011a). A study of attitudes toward college student-athletes: Implications for faculty-athletics engagement. The Journal of Negro Education, 80(4), 521-532.
Comeaux, E. (2011b). Examination of faculty attitudes toward Division I college student-athletes. College Student Affairs Journal, 30(1), 75.
Comeaux, E. & Harrison, C. K. (2011). A conceptual model of academic success for student–athletes. Educational Researcher, 40(5), 235-245.
Cooper, C. G., Weight, E. A., & Pierce, D. (2014). The leader-value continuum: NCAA Division I core values and transformational leadership. The International Journal of Sport Management, 15, 1-21.
Di Lu, L., Heinze, K. L., & Soderstrom, S. (2018). Playing multiple positions: Student-athlete identity salience and conflict. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 11(2), 214 - 241.
Division I Academic Progress Rate (n.d.). NCAA. Retrieved from: http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/division-i-academic-progress-rate-apr
Duderstadt, J. J. (2009). Intercollegiate athletics and the American university: A university president's perspective. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Engstrom, C. M., Sedlacek, W. E., & McEwen, M. K. (1995). Faculty attitudes toward male revenue and nonrevenue student-athletes. Journal of College Student Development, 36(3), 217-227.
Exit Interviews (n.d.). The Intercollegiate. Retrieved from: https://theintercollegiate.com/exit-interviews
Feinberg, R. A., & Jeppeson, N. (2000). Validity of exit interviews in retailing. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 7(3), 123-127.
Feltz, D. L., Schneider, R., Hwang, S., & Skogsberg, N. J. (2013). Predictors of collegiate student-athletes' susceptibility to stereotype threat. Journal of College Student Development, 54(2), 184-201.
Fountain, J. J., & Finley, P. S. (2011). Academic clustering: A longitudinal analysis of a Division I football program. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 4, 24-41.
Gaston-Gayles, J. L. (2004). Examining academic and athletic motivation among student athletes at a Division I university. Journal of College Student Development, 45(1), 75-83.
Gayles, J. L. (2015). Today’s college athlete. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), Introduction to intercollegiate athletics, (pp. 83-91). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Giacalone, R. A., & Duhon, D. (1991). Assessing intended employee behavior in exit interviews. The Journal of Psychology, 125(1), 83-90.
Giacalone, R.A., & Knouse, S.B. (1989). Farewell to fruitless exit interviews. Personnel, 66(9), 60-62.
Graham, A., & Ogozalek, S. (2018, February 14). Some SU athletes said they were forced into majors ‘they did not want,’ following national trend. The Daily Orange. Retrived from: http://dailyorange.com/2018/02/su-athletes-said-forced-majors-not-want-following-national-trend/
Gurney, G., Lopiano, D. A., & Zimbalist, A. (2017). Unwinding madness: What went wrong with college sports and how to fix it. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Hawkins, B., Baker, A. R., & Brackebusch, V. B. (2015). Intercollegiate athletics and amateurism. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), Introduction to intercollegiate athletics, (pp. 312-325). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hendricks, S. P., & Johnson, A. T. (2016). The athlete-student dilemma. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 8(4), 1-20.
Hirko, S., & Sweitzer, K. V. (2015). The business model of intercollegiate sports: The haves and the have nots. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), Introduction to intercollegiate athletics, (pp. 147-162). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Horner, M., Ternes, N., & McLeod, C. (2016). Not going pro: On seeking lasting returns from college sports. Journal of Amateur Sport, 2(1), 188-213.
Huml, M. R., Hancock, M. G., & Bergman, M. J. (2014). Additional support or extravagant cost?: Student-athletes' perceptions on athletic academic centers. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 7, 410-430.
Ingrassia, B. (2012). Rise of Gridiron University. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
Jayakumar, U. M., & Comeaux, E. (2016). The cultural cover-up of college athletics: How organizational culture perpetuates an unrealistic and idealized balancing act. The Journal of Higher Education, 87(4), 488-515.
Jolly, J. C. (2008). Raising the question# 9 is the student-athlete population unique? And why should we care?. Communication Education, 57(1), 145-151.
Jowett, S. (2017). At the heart of effective sport leadership lies the dyadic coach-athlete relationship. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 13(1), 62-64.
Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics (2010). Restoring the balance: Dollars, values, and the future of college sports. Retrieved from: https://knightfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/KCIA_Report_restoring_the_balance_2011.pdf
Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics. (2014). Trends in spending and institutional funding. http://spendingdatabase.knightcommission.org/fbs
Knouse, S. B., & Giacalone, R. A. (1992). Ethical decision-making in business: Behavioral issues and concerns. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(5-6), 369-377.
Lederman, D. (2019, February 1). NCAA punishes Missouri in blatant academic fraud. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from: https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/02/01/ncaa-punishes-missouri-blatant-case-academic-fraud
Lefkowitz, J., & Katz, M. L. (1969). Validity of exit interviews. Personnel Psychology, 22(4), 445–455.
Martin, B., Harrison, C., & Bukstein, S. (2010). " It takes a village" for African American male scholar-athletes. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 4(3), 277-295.
Merriam, S. B. (2002). Assessing and evaluating qualitative research. In S.B. Merriam (Ed.), Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis (pp. 18-33). Jossey- Bass.
Meyer, B. B. (1990). From idealism to actualization: The academic performance of female collegiate athletes. Sociology of Sport Journal, 7(1), 44-57.
Miles, M. B, Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. M. (2020). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. New York, NY: Sage Publications.
NCAA Goals Study (2016). NCAA GOALS Study of the student-athlete experience: Initial summary of findings. NCAA. Retrieved from: https://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/GOALS_2015_summary_jan2016_final_20160627.pdf
NCAA Manual (2019). NCAA. Retrieved from: https://www.ncaapublications.com/p-4577-2019-2020-ncaa-division-i-manual-august-version-available-for-presell-now.aspx
Neal, J. (1989). Employee turnover and the exit interview. Library Trends, 38(1), 32-39.
Otts, M. & Bates, E. (2015). Leadership in intercollegiate athletics In E. Comeaux (Ed.), Introduction to intercollegiate athletics, (pp. 34-47). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Park, S., Lavallee, D., & Tod, D. (2013). Athletes' career transition out of sport: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 22-53.
Play Division I Sports (n.d.). NCAA. Retrieved from: http://www.ncaa.org/student-athletes/play-division-i-sports
Potuto, J. J. R., & O'Hanlon, J. (2007). National study of student-athletes regarding their experiences as college students. College Student Journal, 41(4), 947-966.
Ridpath, B.D. (2010). Perceptions of NCAA division I athletes on motivations concerning the use of specialized academic support services in the era of academic progress rate. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 3, 253-271.
Robinson, J. A. (2017, December 11). Athletic travel and practice requirements are overwhelming students. The James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal. Retrieved from: https://www.jamesgmartin.center/2017/12/athletic-travel-practice-requirements-overwhelming-students/
Rubin, L. M., & Moses, R. A. (2017). Athletic subculture within student-athlete academic centers. Sociology of Sport Journal, 34(4), 317-328.
Saldana, J. M. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. New York, NY: Sage Publications.
Sanders, J. P., & Hildenbrand, K. (2010). Major concerns? A longitudinal analysis of student-athletes’ academic majors in comparative perspective. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 3(2), 213-233.
Scott, B. M., Paskus, T. S., Miranda, M., Petr, T. A., & McArdle, J. J. (2008). In-season vs. out-of-season academic performance of college student-athletes. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 1(2), 202-226.
Shropshire, K. L., & Williams Jr, C. D. (2017). The miseducation of the student athlete: How to fix college sports. Philadelphia, PA: Wharton School Press.
Simons, H. D., Bosworth, C., Fujita, S., & Jensen, M. (2007). The athlete stigma in higher education. College Student Journal, 41(2), 251-274.
Simons, H. D., Van Rheenen, D. & Covington, M. V. (1999). Academic motivation and the student-athlete. Journal of College Student Development, 40(2), 151-162.
Singer, J. N. (2015). The miseducation of African American male college athletes. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), Introduction to intercollegiate athletes, (pp. 193-206). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Smith, J. M., & Willingham, M. (2015). Cheated: The UNC scandal, the education of athletes, and the future of big-time college sports. University of Nebraska Press.
Sperber, M. (1995). Affirmative action for athletes. The Education Digest, 61(4), 57.
Stone, J., Harrison, C. K., & Mottley, J. (2012). “Don't call me a student-athlete”: The effect of identity priming on stereotype threat for academically engaged African American college athletes. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 34(2), 99-106.
Thelin, J. R. (2011). A history of American higher education. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Umbach, P. D., Palmer, M. M., Kuh, G. D., & Hannah, S. J. (2006). Intercollegiate athletes and effective educational practices: Winning combination or losing effort?. Research in Higher Education, 47(6), 709-733.
Valentine, J., & Taub, D. J. (1999). Responding to the developmental needs of student athletes. Journal of College Counseling, 2, 164-180.
Weight, E. A., & Huml, M. R. (2016). Education through athletics. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 9(2), 352-378.
Wininger, S., & White, T. (2008). The dumb jock stereotype: To what extent do student-athletes feel the stereotype? Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 2(2), 227-237.
Wolverton, B. (2016, January 8). NCAA considers easing demands on athletes’ time. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from: https://www.chronicle.com/article/NCAA-Considers-Easing-Demands/234840
Yopyk, D. J., & Prentice, D. A. (2005). Am I an athlete or a student? Identity salience and stereotype threat in student–athletes. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27(4), 329-336.
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Copyright (c) 2021 Molly Harry
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Harry, M. (2021). NCAA Exit Interviews and Surveys: Academic Experiences of College Athletes. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v14i1.13739
