College Athlete Resilience: Achieving Mental Wellbeing During a Pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v18i3.23572Keywords:
student-athlete, mental health, holistic healthAbstract
The long-term negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health outcomes among college athletes has been well-established. However, mental wellbeing in this population remains understudied. Guided by the conceptual framework of sport resilience, this study examined the impact of COVID-19 on mental wellbeing among NCAA Division I college athletes and, more specifically, the moderation effect of resilience on the relationship between COVID-19 and mental wellbeing. Among college athletics, resilience is believed to not only mitigate mental health concerns but may also promote mental wellbeing. Findings revealed a significant and negative correlation between COVID-19 and mental wellbeing, as well as a positive relationship between resilience and mental wellbeing. Further, resilience was found to significantly moderate the relationship between the impact of COVID-19 and mental wellbeing. Regardless of the impact level of COVID-19, college athletes with high levels of resilience consistently reported greater mental wellbeing than those with medium or low levels of resilience. Although prior research has clearly demonstrated the negative impact of the pandemic on mental health, findings from the current study illustrate the positive influence of resilience. Given the likelihood of future public health pandemics (e.g., avian influenza, measles) and ongoing changes to federal food safety policies—we believe that this study highlights the importance of resilience in navigating challenging circumstances.
Metrics
Downloads
References
Ahmad, C., Hellwinkel, J., Ahmed, R., Alexander, F., Reynolds, A., Piasecki, D., Bottiglieri, T., Lynch, T., Popkin, C., Saltzman, B., & Trofa, D. (2024). Impacts of the early COVID-19 Pandemic on depressive symptoms and mental health among student-athletes. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 15, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S392977
Beasley, L., Kiser, R., & Hoffman, S. (2020). Mental health literacy, self-efficacy, and stigma among college students. Social Work in Mental Health, 18(6), 634–650. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332985.2020.1832643
Benard, B. (2005). Using strengths-based practice to tap the resilience of families. In D. Saleebey (Ed.), The strengths perspective in social work practice (4th ed., pp. 197–220) Allyn & Bacon.
Bock, A. (2024). College athlete deaths by suicide have doubled, and researchers want to know why. JAMA. 331(21), 1792–1794. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.7895
Brown, G. (Ed.). (2014). Mind, body and sport: Understanding and supporting student-athlete mental wellness. NCAA Publications. https://www.ncaa.org/sports/2014/11/10/mind-body-and-sport-understanding-and-supporting-student-athlete-mental-wellness.aspx
Bryan, C., O’Shea, D., & MacIntyre, T. (2019). Stressing the relevance of resilience: A systematic review of resilience across the domains of sport and work. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(1), 70–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2017.1381140
Cavicchioli, M., Ferrucci, R., Guidetti, M., Canevini, M., Pravettoni, G., & Galli, F. (2021). What will be the impact of the COVID-19 quarantine on psychological distress? Considerations based on a systematic review of pandemic outbreaks. Healthcare, 9(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010101
Cassilo, D., & Kluch, Y. (2023). Mental health, college athletics, and the media framing of DJ Carton’s announcement to step away from his team. Communication & Sport, 11(3), 462–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/21674795211041019
Cénat, J., Blais-Rochette, C., Kokou-Kpolou, C., Noorishad, P.-G., Mukunzi, J., McIntee, S.-E., Dalexis, R., Goulet, M.-A., & Labelle, P. (2021). Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 295, 113599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113599
Chandler, G., Kalmakis, K., Chiodo, L., & Helling, J. (2020). The efficacy of a resilience intervention among diverse, at-risk, college athletes: A mixed-methods study. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 26(3), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390319886923
Choi, K., Ford, J., Briggs, E., Munro-Kramer, M., Graham-Bermann, S., & Seng, J. (2019). Relationships between maltreatment, posttraumatic symptomatology, and the dissociative subtype of PTSD among adolescents. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 20(2), 212–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1572043
Chrétien, A., Hayotte, M., Vuillemin, A., & Longueville, F. (2024). Resilience profiles of elite athletes and their associations with health-related behaviors, well-being, and performance: A latent profile analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 74, 102689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102689
Cosh, S., & Tully, P. (2015). Stressors, coping, and support mechanisms for student athletes combining elite sport and tertiary education: Implications for practice. The Sport Psychologist, 29(2), 120–133. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0102
Drew, B., & Matthews, J. (2019). The prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in student-athletes and the relationship with resilience and help-seeking behavior. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 13(3), 421–439.
Economou, P., Glascock, V., Louie, M., Poliakova, P., & Zuckerberg, W. (2021). COVID-19 and its impact on student-athlete depression and anxiety: The return to campus. The Sport Journal. https://thesportjournal.org/article/covid-19-and-its-impact-on-student-athlete-depression-and-anxiety-the-return-to-campus/
Ettman, C., Abdalla, S., Cohen, G., Sampson, L., Vivier, P., & Galea, S. (2020). Prevalence of depression symptoms in US adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 3(9), e2019686.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
Galli, N., & Vealey, R. (2008). “Bouncing back” from adversity: Athletes’ experiences of resilience. The Sport Psychologist, 22(3), 316–335. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.22.3.316
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2018). SPSS statistics 25 step by step (15th ed.). Routledge.
Gordon, S., & Gucciardi, D. (2011). A strengths-based approach to coaching mental toughness. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 2(3), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2011.598222
Graupensperger, S., Benson, A., Kilmer, J., & Evans, M. (2020). Social (un)distancing: Teammate interactions, athletic identity, and mental health of student-athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(5), 662–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.001
Gupta, S., & McCarthy, P. (2024). “You don’t get resilience overnight”: A grounded theory framework of the ARC sporting resilience development. Discover Psychology, 4(1), Article 72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-024-00169-8
Hancheva, C. (2021). Developmental trauma and society. In A. hamburger, C. Hancheva & V. Volkan (Eds.), Social trauma – An interdisciplinary textbook. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47817-9_15
Hayes, A. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed). Guilford Publications.
Hunsu, N., Oje, A., Tanner-Smith, E., & Adesope, O. (2023). Relationships between risk factors, protective factors and achievement outcomes in academic resilience research: A meta-analytic review. Educational Research Review, 41, 100548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100548
Hussain, T., Wang, D., & Li, B. (2023). Psychological resilience in athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative insight. Acta Psychologica, 240, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104050
Jackson, J., Dirks, E., & Billings, A. (2022). From athlete to advocate: The changing media coverage of Michael Phelps pre-and postretirement. International Journal of Sport Communication, 15(4), 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2022-0074
Jarden, A., & Roache, A. (2023). What is wellbeing? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), Article 5006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065006
Johnson, G. (2021 February 16). Pandemic continues to impact student-athlete mental health. https://www.ncaa.org/news/2021/2/16/pandemic-continues-to-impact-student-athlete-mental-health.aspx
Johnson, G. (2022, May 24). NCAA student-athlete well-being study. https://www.ncaa.org/news/2022/5/24/media-center-mental-health-issues-remain-on-minds-of-student-athletes.aspx
Keyes, C. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/3090197
Knowles, C., Shannon, S., Prentice, G., & Breslin, G. (2021). Comparing mental health of athletes and non-athletes as they emerge from a COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.612532
Kuchar, A., Neff, K., & Mosewich, A. (2023). Resilience and Enhancement in Sport, Exercise, & Training (RESET): A brief self-compassion intervention with NCAA student-athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 67, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102426
Mahdiani, H., & Ungar, M. (2021). The dark side of resilience. Adversity and Resilience, 2, 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-021-00031-z
Martin, B., Harrison, C., Stone, J., & Lawrence, S. (2010). Athletic voices and academic victories: African American male student-athlete experiences in the Pac-Ten. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 34(2), 131–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723510366541
Martin, C., Shanley, E., Harnish, C., Knab, A., Christopher, S., Vallabhajosula, S., & Bullock, G. (2021). The relationship between flourishing, injury status, and resilience in collegiate athletes. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 16(4), 925–933. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954121994559
Masten, A. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238. http://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227
Masten, A., Lucke, C., Nelson, K., & Stallworthy, I. (2021). Resilience in development and psychopathology: Multisystem perspectives. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 17(1), 521–549. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-120307
McKay, M., & Andretta, J. (2017). Evidence for the psychometric validity, internal consistency and measurement invariance of Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale scores in Scottish and Irish adolescents. Psychiatry Research, 255, 382–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.071
McLoughlin, E., Fletcher, D., Slavich, G., Arnold, R., & Moore, L. (2021). Cumulative lifetime stress exposure, depression, anxiety, and well-being in elite athletes: A mixed-method study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101823.
Moore, M., & Gummelt, G. (Eds.). (2019). Sport social work: Promoting the functioning and wellbeing of college and professional athletes. Cognella.
Morganstein, J., & Ursano, R. (2020). Ecological disasters and mental health: Causes, consequences, and interventions. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00001
Morris, L., Twilley, D., Sidman, C., Adamczyk, H., Gasell, Z., & Plemmons, K. (2020). Student-Athletes: An exploration of subjective wellbeing. The Sport Journal, 24(1), 1–11. https://thesportjournal.org/article/student-athletes-an-exploration-of-subjective-wellbeing/
National Collegiate Athletics Association. (2022). NCAA student-athlete well-being study (Fall 2021). https://ncaaorg.s3.amazonaws.com/research/other/2020/2022RES_NCAA-SA-Well-BeingSurveyPPT.pdf
National Collegiate Athletics Association. (2023). Student-athlete health and wellness study. https://ncaaorg.s3.amazonaws.com/research/wellness/Dec2023RES_HW-MentalHealthRelease.pdf
NCAA Sport Science Institute. (2024). Mental health best practices. http://www.ncaa.org/sport-science-institute/Mental-health-best-practices.
Newman, T., Magier, E., Okamoto, K., Kimiecik, C., Shute, L., Beasley, L., & Tucker, A. (2021). Social work in sport: Playmakers in the athletic arena. Journal of Social Work, 22(3), 692–714. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680173211009743
Newman, T., Turgeon, S., Moore, M., Bean, C., Lee, L., Knuettel, M., & Osmers Rahill, C. (2023). The dual pandemic: COVID-19, systemic racism, and college student-athletic mental health. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21(1), 156–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2022.2026997
Park, K., Shim, G., & Jeong, B. (2020). Validation of the traumatic antecedents questionnaire using item response theory. Brain and Behavior, 10(12), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1870
Putukian, M. (2016). The psychological response to injury in student athletes: A narrative review with a focus on mental health. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(3), 145–148. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095586
Richardson, G., Neiger, B., Jensen, S., & Kumpfer, K. (1990). The resiliency model. Health Education, 21(6), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/00970050.1990.10614589
Ruggeri, K., Garcia-Garzon, E., Maguire, Á., Matz, S., & Huppert, F. (2020). Well-being is more than happiness and life satisfaction: A multidimensional analysis of 21 countries. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 18, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01423-y
Ryan, H., Gayles, J., & Bell, L. (2018). Student-athletes and mental health experiences. New Directions for Student Services, 2018(163), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20271
Sarac, N., Sarac, B., Pedroza, A., & Borchers, J. (2018). Epidemiology of mental health conditions in incoming Division I collegiate athletes. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 46(2), 242–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2018.1427412
Sarkar, M., & Fletcher, D. (2014). Psychological resilience in sport performers: A review of stressors and protective factors. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(15), 1419–1434. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.901551
Schlomer, G., Bauman, S., & Card, N. (2010). Best practices for missing data management in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018082
Schultze-Lutter, F., Schimmelmann, B., & Schmidt, S. (2016). Resilience, risk, mental health and well-being: Associations and conceptual differences. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(5), 459–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0851-4
Smith, B., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
Sullivan, L., Carter, J., Houle, J., Ding, K., Hautmann, A., & Yang, J. (2023). Evaluation of a resilience training program for college student-athletes: A pilot study. Journal of American College Health, 71(1), 310–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1891083
Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., Parkinson, J., Secker, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63
Twenge, J., & Joiner, T. (2020). Mental distress among U.S. adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(12), 2170–2182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23064
Vanaken, L., Scheveneels, S., Belmans, E., & Hermans, D. (2020). Validation of the impact of Event Scale with modifications for COVID-19 (IES-COVID19). Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00738
Wagstaff, C., Hings, R., Larner, R., & Fletcher, D. (2018). Psychological resilience’s moderation of the relationship between the frequency of organizational stressors and burnout in athletes and coaches. The Sport Psychologist, 32(3), 178–188. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2016-0068
Wagstaff, C., & Leach, J. (2015). The value of strength-based approaches in SERE and sport psychology. Military Psychology, 27(2), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/mil0000066
Watts, C., Hilliard, R., & Graupensperger, S. (2022). Relationships between resilience, mental well-being, and COVID-19 worries in collegiate student-athletes. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.890006
Waugh, C., & Sali, A. (2023). Resilience as the ability to maintain wellbeing: An allostatic inference model. Journal of Intelligence, 11(8), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11080158
Westerhof, G., & Keyes, C. (2010). Mental illness and mental health: The two continua model across the lifespan. Journal of Adult Development, 17(2), 110–119. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10804-009-9082-y
Westmattelmann, D., Hossiep, R., Bruckes, M., & Schewe, G. (2021). Resilience in elite sport and at work: A comparative analysis among German elite athletes and employees. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 57, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102042
Wu, D., Luo, Y., Ma, S., Zhang, W., & Huang, C. (2022). Organizational stressors predict competitive trait anxiety and burnout in young athletes: Testing psychological resilience as a moderator. Current Psychology, 41(12), 8345–8353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01633-7s
Zimmerman, M. (2013). Resiliency theory: A strengths-based approach to research and practice for adolescent health. Health Education & Behavior, 40(4), 381–383. https://doi:10.1177/1090198113493782
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Levone Lee, Tarkington J Newman, Lauren Beasley, Carlyn Kimiecik, Kaylee Palomino, Rebecca Bosetti

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright is held by the authors.